Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of ischemic/non-ischemic HFmrEF patients stratified by the presence of T2DM
| Variable | ischemic | non-ischemic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| without T2DM | with T2DM | without T2DM | with T2DM | |
| Demographics | ||||
| n | 856 | 467 | 281 | 87 |
| Age, years | 70.2 ± 11.4 | 68.3 ± 10.6* | 63.8 ± 15.0 | 62.1 ± 14.9 |
| Male sex, n(%) | 583 (68.1%) | 292 (62.5%)* | 165 (58.7%) | 55 (63.2%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.1 ± 4.2 | 25.6 ± 4.0 | 24.2 ± 4.2 | 25.4 ± 4.1* |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 134.0 ± 25.3 | 138.5 ± 25.9* | 138.4 ± 27.2 | 143.4 ± 25.0 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.5 ± 16.0 | 80.7 ± 15.0 | 81.9 ± 19.4 | 83.6 ± 17.1 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 81.4 ± 18.1 | 84.5 ± 19.1* | 90.3 ± 24.1 | 86.9 ± 18.4 |
| Cardiac risk factors and co-morbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Obesitya | 208 (24.3%) | 108 (23.1%) | 65 (23.1%) | 18 (20.7%) |
| Current smoker | 313 (36.6%) | 132 (28.3%)* | 77 (27.4%) | 22 (25.3%) |
| Current drinker | 84(9.8%) | 31(6.6%) | 26(9.3%) | 6(6.9%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 134 (15.7%) | 66 (14.1%) | 81 (28.8%) | 15 (17.2%)* |
| Hyperlipidemia | 155 (18.1%) | 126 (27.0%)* | 35 (12.5%) | 34 (39.1%)* |
| Hypertension | 569 (66.5%) | 365 (78.2%)* | 158 (56.2%) | 70 (80.5%)* |
| Hyperuricaemia | 204 (23.8%) | 114 (24.4%) | 88 (31.3%) | 20 (23.0%) |
| Anaemia | 271 (31.7%) | 196 (42.0%)* | 102 (36.3%) | 37 (42.5%) |
| Renal dysfunctionb | 148 (17.3%) | 155 (33.2%)* | 70 (24.9%) | 34 (39.1%)* |
| PCI | 365 (42.6%) | 196 (42.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) |
| CABG | 4 (0.5%) | 4 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1%) |
| Stroke/transient ischaemic attack | 90 (10.5%) | 77 (16.5%)* | 28 (10.0%) | 12 (13.8%) |
| COPD | 124 (14.5%) | 43 (9.2%)* | 35 (12.5%) | 7 (8.0%) |
| ICD | 3 (0.4%) | 3 (0.6%) | 4 (1.4%) | 1 (1.1%) |
| CRTD | 5 (0.6%) | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| NYHA class III–IV | 466 (54.4%) | 275 (58.9%) | 178 (63.3%) | 53 (60.9%) |
| Serology | ||||
| HbA1c,% | – | 8.0 ± 1.8 | – | 8.0 ± 2.3 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 2207.5 (570.0-6413.2) | 3027.0 (748.0-9126.0)* | 4353.5 (1400.8-14267.2) | 4916.5 (1393.5-15330.8) |
| Low density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.1* |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF, % | 44.5 ± 2.8 | 44.4 ± 2.7 | 44.2 ± 2.8 | 44.5 ± 2.7 |
| LAs, mm | 38.2 ± 5.9 | 39.2 ± 5.4* | 42.2 ± 7.5 | 40.7 ± 5.3 |
| LVd, mm | 53.3 ± 6.7 | 53.0 ± 6.4 | 57.1 ± 7.6 | 56.0 ± 6.0 |
| IVSd, mm | 9.9 ± 1.6 | 10.1 ± 1.5* | 10.1 ± 1.7 | 10.3 ± 1.5 |
| LVPWd, mm | 9.3 ± 1.5 | 9.5 ± 1.6* | 10.0 ± 1.6 | 10.1 ± 1.5 |
| RAs, mm | 36.9 ± 5.7 | 36.8 ± 5.5 | 40.7 ± 7.7 | 38.7 ± 6.4* |
| RVd, mm | 20.7 ± 5.1 | 20.7 ± 5.2 | 21.4 ± 5.7 | 21.7 ± 5.5 |
| HF-related medical therapy, n (%) | ||||
| ACEi | 510 (59.6%) | 225 (48.2%)* | 96 (34.2%) | 28 (32.2%) |
| ARB | 214 (25.0%) | 150 (32.1%)* | 62 (22.1%) | 26 (29.9%) |
| ARNI | 36 (4.2%) | 28 (6.0%) | 12 (4.3%) | 3 (3.4%) |
| Beta-blocker | 707 (82.6%) | 398 (85.2%) | 184 (65.5%) | 61 (70.1%) |
| Spironolactone | 406 (47.4%) | 207 (44.3%) | 121 (43.1%) | 41 (47.1%) |
| Digoxin | 26 (3.0%) | 13 (2.8%) | 18 (6.4%) | 7 (8.0%) |
| Loop diuretics | 436 (50.9%) | 269 (57.6%)* | 146 (52.0%) | 44 (50.6%) |
| SGLT2i | 1 (0.1%) | 15 (3.2%)* | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (3.4%)* |
| CCBs | 301 (35.2%) | 225 (48.2%)* | 89 (31.7%) | 46 (52.9%)* |
| Statins | 770 (90.0%) | 429 (91.9%) | 156 (55.5%) | 67 (77.0%)* |
| Nitrate | 436 (50.9%) | 262 (56.1%) | 107 (38.1%) | 45 (51.7%)* |
| Aspirin/antiplatelets | 762 (89.0%) | 426 (91.2%) | 143 (50.9%) | 63 (72.4%)* |
| T2DM treatment, n (%) | ||||
| One oral medication | ||||
| Metformin | – | 55 (11.8%) | – | 18 (20.7%) |
| SU/glinide | – | 62 (13.3%) | – | 12 (13.8%) |
| DDP-4i | – | 36 (7.7%) | – | 6 (6.9%) |
| Glucosidase inhibitor | – | 150 (32.1%) | – | 20 (23.0%) |
| ≥ 2 oral medications | – | 70 (15.0%) | – | 15 (17.2%) |
| Insulin/insulin + oral drug | – | 261 (55.9%) | – | 48 (55.2%) |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (%) of subjects.
aBody mass index ≥ 30 mg/m2. bEstimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 by Cockcroft–Gault equation.
Abbreviations: HFmrEF: Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; BP: Blood Pressure; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRTD: Cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; NYHA: New York Heart Association; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; LAs: Left Atrial size; LVd: Left Ventricular diameter; IVSd: Interventricular Septal thickness at end-diastole; LVPWd: Left Ventricular Posterior Wall thickness at end-diastole; RAs: Right Atrial size; RVd: Right Ventricular diameter; ACEi: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers; ARNI: Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor; SGLT2i: Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 inhibitors; CCBs: Calcium Channel Blockers; SU: Sulfonylureas; DDP-4i: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors;
*P < 0.05 vs. without T2DM Group