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. 2025 Apr 4;15:11537. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-95664-w

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Effect of probiotics on phagocytic activity. The phagocytic index is defined as % phagocytosis of monocyte cells × mean fluorescence intensity. Monocyte with RPMI medium was used as the negative control (No treatment), and monocyte treated with PMA was the positive control. Each color indicates probiotic species. Data were presented as bar graphs with mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was used to test the difference between probiotic bacteria affecting phagocytic activity. (****, P < 0.0001, ***, p < 0.001, **, p < 0.01).