TABLE 2.
Risk for Experience of Exclusionary Discipline and Police Contact as a Function of Race, Sex, Delinquency, and Neighborhood Characteristics
| Race (Black) |
Sex (male) |
Delinquency |
Childhood Opportunity Index |
Race × sex (Black × male) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | OR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Detention | 1.94 (1.46–2.59) | 1.24 (1.01–1.51) | 1.52 (1.21–1.91) | 1.23 (1.05–1.45) | 2.84 (2.43–3.33) | 1.45 (1.31–1.6) | 0.39 (0.28–0.55) | 0.49 (0.39–0.62) | ||
| Suspension (in-school or out-of-school) | 2.63 (1.91–3.63) | 1.59 (1.23–2.06) | 1.69 (1.29–2.21) | 1.42 (1.15–1.76) | 2.65 (2.23–3.16) | 1.46 (1.3–1.65) | 0.33 (0.23–0.49) | 0.42 (0.31–0.56) | ||
| Expelled | 4.03 (1.75–9.81) | 3.24 (1.33–7.9) | 1.37 (0.74–2.65) | 1.03 (0.56–1.91) | 3.08 (2.13–4.53) | 2.27 (1.51–3.41) | 0.64 (0.26–1.5) | 0.77 (0.3–1.99) | ||
| Caught cheating | 1.34 (0.78–2.26) | 1.68 (1–2.83) | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) | 2.46 (1.9–3.19) | 1.92 (1.5–2.47) | 1.71 (0.9–3.25) | 1.38 (0.74–2.58) | ||
| Sent home for bad behavior | 3.54 (2.43–5.2) | 1.86 (1.33–2.6) | 2.15 (1.57–2.98) | 1.47 (1.13–1.9) | 3.55 (2.89–4.38) | 1.82 (1.58–2.09) | 0.44 (0.28–0.68) | 0.49 (0.34–0.71) | ||
| Stopped or questioned by the police | 1.55 (0.98–2.44) | 1.55 (1.02–2.35) | 1.62 (1.12–2.39) | 1.2 (0.83–1.75) | 3.29 (2.61–4.18) | 1.64 (1.33–2.03) | 0.69 (0.41–1.18) | 0.6 (0.36–1.01) | ||
| Arrested | 3.71 (0.82–20.24) | 19.94 (1.8–221.44) | 2.25 (0.67–10.19) | 2.48 (0.51–12.14) | 3.11 (1.57–6.32) | 3.54 (1.52–8.26) | 0.79 (0.15–3.75) | 0.82 (0.13–5.22) | ||
| Got in trouble for being loud or rowdy in public | 0.73 (0.5–1.06) | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) | 1.25 (0.94–1.68) | 1.26 (0.98–1.61) | 3.82 (3.15–4.66) | 1.87 (1.61–2.17) | 1.05 (0.68–1.64) | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | ||
| Detention | 2.47 (1.68–3.63) | 1.36 (1.01–1.83) | 1.81 (1.34–2.44) | 1.34 (1.05–1.72) | 2.84 (2.42–3.33) | 1.44 (1.3–1.59) | 0.39 (0.28–0.56) | 0.49 (0.39–0.62) | 0.65 (0.41–1.04) | 0.86 (0.62–1.2) |
| Suspension (in-school or out-of-school) | 3.77 (2.35–6.13) | 2.26 (1.49–3.44) | 2.32 (1.54–3.56) | 2.01 (1.36–2.96) | 2.64 (2.22–3.15) | 1.46 (1.29–1.64) | 0.34 (0.23–0.49) | 0.43 (0.32–0.57) | 0.57 (0.33–0.98) | 0.6 (0.38–0.96) |
| Expelled | 3.95 (1.1–18.8) | 4.71 (1.21–18.32) | 1.34 (0.36–6.31) | 1.63 (0.42–6.39) | 3.09 (2.13–4.54) | 2.25 (1.5–3.37) | 0.64 (0.26–1.5) | 0.76 (0.3–1.95) | 1.03 (0.19–4.56) | 0.56 (0.12–2.55) |
| Caught cheating | 1.55 (0.75–3.17) | 1.94 (0.97–3.87) | 1.04 (0.6–1.82) | 1.04 (0.6–1.8) | 2.45 (1.89–3.18) | 1.91 (1.49–2.45) | 1.71 (0.91–3.25) | 1.37 (0.74–2.57) | 0.77 (0.33–1.78) | 0.78 (0.35–1.74) |
| Sent home for bad behavior | 5.16 (2.76–10.13) | 3.43 (1.88–6.25) | 3.06 (1.74–5.7) | 2.72 (1.55–4.79) | 3.52 (2.87–4.35) | 1.8 (1.57–2.07) | 0.44 (0.28–0.68) | 0.49 (0.34–0.71) | 0.59 (0.29–1.18) | 0.44 (0.23–0.83) |
| Stopped or questioned by the police | 1.67 (0.83–3.39) | 2.12 (1.12–4.03) | 1.73 (0.99–3.12) | 1.56 (0.9–2.7) | 3.28 (2.6–4.17) | 1.65 (1.33–2.03) | 0.69 (0.41–1.18) | 0.58 (0.35–0.98) | 0.9 (0.41–1.91) | 0.62 (0.31–1.27) |
| Arrested | 1.85 (0.14–44.81) | 0.99 (0.63–1.55) | 1.13 (0.11–24.73) | 1.31 (0.95–1.8) | 3.15 (1.59–6.45) | 1.87 (1.61–2.17) | 0.78 (0.15–3.72) | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | 2.51 (0.09–46.37) | 0.91 (0.55–1.5) |
| Got in trouble for being loud or rowdy in public | 0.85 (0.5–1.42) | 1.36 (1.01–1.83) | 1.37 (0.96–1.98) | 1.34 (1.05–1.72) | 3.81 (3.14–4.65) | 1.44 (1.3–1.59) | 1.05 (0.68–1.64) | 0.49 (0.39–0.62) | 0.79 (0.44–1.43) | 0.86 (0.62–1.2) |
Note: Odds ratios are derived from logistic regression models in which race, sex, Delinquency score, Childhood Opportunity Index score, and, when relevant, the interaction between race and sex predict each exclusionary discipline/police contact outcome. Hazard ratios are derived from parallel Cox proportional hazard models. HR = hazard ratio; OR = odds ratio.