TABLE 3.
Impact of Disciplinary Events on Progression of More Severe Disciplinary Actions and Police Contact
| Effect of detention on: |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Risk for suspension HR (95% CI) | Risk for being sent home HR (95% CI) | Risk for being stopped or questioned by police HR (95% CI) | |
| Race, Black | 2.78 (1.72–4.52) | 4.24 (2.38–7.56) | 1.54 (0.8–2.94) |
| Sex, male | 1.35 (1.09–1.67) | 1.33 (1.02–1.74) | 1.2 (0.83–1.75) |
| Delinquency | 1.19 (1.04–1.35) | 1.59 (1.37–1.86) | 1.59 (1.27–1.99) |
| Childhood Opportunity Index | 0.45 (0.33–0.61) | 0.51 (0.35–0.75) | 0.71 (0.41–1.22) |
| Discipline: detention | |||
| Never vs Before age 10 | 4.84 (2.97–7.88) | 6.12 (3.39–11.07) | 1.29 (0.66–2.52) |
| Never vs After age 10 | 1.94 (1.25–3) | 2.58 (1.47–4.52) | 0.97 (0.55–1.72) |
| After age 10 vs Before age 10 | 2.5 (1.65–3.8) | 2.37 (1.42–3.98) | 1.33 (0.65–2.71) |
| Discipline × Race | |||
| Detention × Black | |||
| Never vs Before age 10 | 0.56 (0.31–1.02) | 0.23 (0.11–0.46) | 1.31 (0.56–3.09) |
| Never vs After age 10 | 0.44 (0.25–0.76) | 0.32 (0.16–0.63) | 1.01 (0.45–2.28) |
| After age 10 vs Before age 10 | 1.28 (0.78–2.08) | 0.71 (0.39–1.31) | 1.29 (0.55–3.03) |
| Effect of suspension on: |
|||
| Risk for being sent home HR (95% CI) | Risk for being stopped or questioned by police HR (95% CI) | ||
| Race, Black | 2.17 (1.26–3.73) | 1.7 (0.95–3.06) | |
| Sex, male | 1.17 (0.88–1.54) | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) | |
| Delinquency | 1.52 (1.31–1.76) | 1.52 (1.22–1.91) | |
| Childhood Opportunity Index | 0.62 (0.42–0.9) | 0.71 (0.42–1.22) | |
| Discipline: suspension | |||
| Never vs Before age 10 | 15.57 (8.51–28.5) | 2.56 (1.25–5.26) | |
| Never vs After age 10 | 3.13 (1.85–5.31) | 1.63 (0.88–3.03) | |
| After age 10 vs Before age 10 | 4.97 (2.71–9.11) | 1.57 (0.7–3.52) | |
| Discipline × Race | |||
| Suspension × Black | |||
| Never vs Before age 10 | 0.27 (0.13–0.55) | 0.67 (0.28–1.62) | |
| Never vs After age 10 | 0.54 (0.28–1.05) | 0.68 (0.3–1.53) | |
| After age 10 vs Before age 10 | 0.49 (0.25–0.96) | 0.99 (0.38–2.54) | |
| Effect of being sent home on: |
|||
| Risk for suspension HR (95% CI) | Risk for being stopped or questioned by police HR (95% CI) | ||
| Race, Black | 1.63 (1.17–2.28) | 1.64 (0.94–2.83) | |
| Sex, male | 1.24 (1–1.54) | 1.23 (0.84–1.8) | |
| Delinquency | 1.29 (1.14–1.47) | 1.61 (1.27–2.03) | |
| Childhood Opportunity Index | 0.47 (0.35–0.63) | 0.62 (0.36–1.07) | |
| Discipline: being sent home | |||
| Never vs Before age 10 | 3.23 (2.05–5.08) | 1.12 (0.51–2.46) | |
| Never vs After age 10 | 1.64 (1.02–2.63) | 1.08 (0.5–2.32) | |
| After age 10 vs Before age 10 | 1.98 (1.12–3.48) | 1.04 (0.39–2.79) | |
| Discipline × Race | |||
| Sent Home × Black | |||
| Never vs Before age 10 | 0.96 (0.56–1.63) | 1.15 (0.47–2.82) | |
| Never vs After age 10 | 0.71 (0.41–1.24) | 0.79 (0.31–1.98) | |
| After age 10 vs Before age 10 | 1.34 (0.71–2.56) | 1.46 (0.48–4.39) | |
Note: Hazard ratios are derived from Cox proportional hazard models including race, sex, Delinquency score, Childhood Opportunity Index score, timing of detention, suspension, and being sent home (never, before age 10, after age 10), and interaction between race and timing. Hazard ratios reflect the effect of the category in boldface type. For example, the effect of detention before age 10, compared to detention after age 10. HR = hazard ratio.