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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2025 Jan 13;128(2):392–409. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000531

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Forest plots depicting associations between personality trait level and mortality risk. For each trait and sample, the effects of personality trait level and personality trait change were estimated within the same model, and baseline age, gender, and education were included as covariates. The complete results including the effects of covariates are shown in Table S4. RE Model = mean weighted effect size from random-effects meta-analysis.