Table 3.

Biomarker characteristics (blood sample type, detection method, biomarker type, number of modeling, and detection biomarkers) of 40 included studies on artificial intelligence–based ovarian cancer diagnosis with blood samples.

Study	Blood sample type	Device or method	Biomarker type	Number of modeling biomarkers	Number of detection marker
Cai et al [24], 2024	Blood	NRa	Protein, mixed	52	NR
Abuzinadah et al [28], 2023	Blood	General chemical tests, blood routine tests	Mixed	49	49
Bifarin and Fernandez [29], 2024	Serum	NR	Mixed	17	17
Cameron et al [30], 2023	Serum	Spectrum	Mixed	5	5
Chen et al [31], 2023	Plasma	LC-WGSb	DNA	NR	NR
Dhar et al [8], 2023	Serum	LCMSc	Protein	27	571
Hamidi et al [32], 2023	Serum	miRNA labeling kit and miRNA Oligo Chip	RNA	10	2568
Lai et al [33], 2023	Serum	MSd	Protein	7	95
Li et al [34], 2024	Plasma	Nanoflow cytometry, SECe, CA125 ELISAf kit, and HE4 ELISA kit	Protein	7	7
Reilly et al [35], 2023	Serum	Roche cobas 6000 clinical analyzer	Protein	7	7
Zhang et al [36], 2023	Blood	NR	Mixed	25	25
Ahamad et al [37], 2022	Blood and serum	NR	Mixed	47	47
Bahado-Singh et al [38], 2022	Plasma	Illumina Infnium MethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays or methylation analysis	DNA	25	179,238
Gupta et al [39], 2022	Serum	UHPLC‑MSg	Mixed	25	6336
Hinestrosa et al [40], 2022	Plasma	ACEh	Protein	34	42
Irajizad et al [25], 2022	Plasma	LCMS analysis	Mixed	7	475
Kim et al [41], 2022	Serum	Immunoassay, C8000 analyzer, diazo reagent	Mixed	NR	NR
Li et al [42], 2022	Plasma	QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid kit	DNA	5	1272
Pais et al [43], 2022	Serum	MALDINR-TOF MSi	Protein	CHCAj:26-57; SAk:12-113	CHCA:8500; SA:8500
Jeong et al [44], 2021	Serum	2-step chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay	Protein	16	3
Lu et al [45], 2020	Serum	Roche Cobas 8000 modular analyzer series	Protein	2	2
Banaei et al [46], 2019	Serum	A microfluidic SERSl-based immunoassay method	Protein	5	5
Whitwell et al [47], 2018	Serum	Olink’s multiplex immunoassay Oncology II panel	Protein	92	92
Ivanova et al [48], 2016	Serum	MALDI-TOF MS	Protein	7	200-400
Jiang et al [49], 2013	Serum	ELISA	Protein	5	174
Yang et al [50], 2013	Serum	SELDI-TOF MSm	Protein	184	184
Shan et al [51], 2012	Serum	Liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry	Mixed	18	18
Thakur et al [52], 2011	Serum	SELDI-TOF MS	Protein	NR	NR
Donach et al [53], 2010	Serum	Radioimmunoassay kits	Protein	4	6
Ziganshin et al [54], 2008	Serum	MALDI-TOF MS or Ultraflex TOF mass spectrometer	Protein	MB-IMAC Cun:13; MB-WCX:11	MB-HIC8o:135;MB-HIC18p:137; MB-IMAC Cu:115; MB-WCXq:96
Liu et al [55], 2007	Serum	prOTOF MS	Protein	NR	96
Zhang et al [56], 2007	Serum	Radioimmunoassay kits	Protein	4	4
Chatterjee et al [57], 2006	Serum	ELISA	Protein	65	65
Lin et al [58], 2006	Plasma	SELDI analysis,WCX2 chip analysis,SAX2 chip analysis	Protein	3	4
Liu [59], 2006	Serum	MS	Protein	NR	NR
Wu et al [60], 2006	Plasma	SELDI-TOF MS	Protein	5	NR
Li and Ramamohanrao [61], 2004	Serum	MS	Protein	72	15,154
Li et al [62], 2004	Serum	SELDI-TOF MS	Protein	10	15,155
Zhang et al [63], 1999	Serum	Radioimmunoassay kits, a spectrophotometric method with a kit	Mixed	4	4
Wilding et al [64], 1994	Serum and plasma	Radioimmunoassay	Mixed	8	8

^aNR: not reported.

^bLC-WGS: low-coverage whole genome sequencing.

^cLC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

^dMS: mass spectrometry.

^eSEC: size exclusion chromatography.

^fELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

^gUHPLC-MS: ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

^hACE: alternating current electrokinetics.

ⁱMALDINR-TOF MS: matrix-assisted laser desorption/Ionization neutral reflector time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

^jCHCA: α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix.

^kSA: sinapinic acid matrix.

^lSERS: surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

^mSELDI -TOF MS: surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry.

ⁿMB-IMAC Cu: magnetic beads MB-IMAC Cu.

^oMB-HIC8: magnetic beads MB-HIC 8.

^pMB-HIC18: magnetic beads MB-HIC 18.

^qMB-WCX: magnetic beads MB-WCX.