Table 2.
Natural products associated with AA benefit aging diseases.
| Inhibitors | Targets | Disease | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural products | ||||
| Capsaicin | COX/5-LOX | Inflammatory diseases; pain | 5-HETE, PGE2↓; Pain↓ | [256] |
| Gingerdione, Shogaol | COX/5-LOX; TLR4 | Cancer; inflammatory diseases | TLR4; PGE2; Pain↓ | [256], [257] |
| Daphnetin | COX/5-LOX | Rheumatic joint diseases | LTB4, ROS↓ | [258] |
| (−) Epicatechin | 5-LOX | Inflammatory disease | Inhibit both dioxygenase and LTA4 synthase activities of human 5-LOX | [259] |
| Esculetin | 5-LOX | Inflammatory diseases; pain | 5-HETE, PGE2↓ | [258] |
| Forsythiaside | 5-LOX | Asthma and allergic diseases | noncompetitive inhibition of 5-HETE formation. | [260] |
| Fraxetin | 5-LOX | Rheumatic joint diseases; rheumatic heart valve disease | LTB4↓ | [258] |
| Helenalin | 5-LOX | Inflammatory diseases, cancer | 5-HETE, LTs↓ | [261] |
| 11α,13-Dihydrohelenalin acetate | 5-LOX | Inflammatory diseases, cancer | 5-HETE, LTs↓ | [261] |
| β-Hydroxyacteoside | 5-LOX | Rheumatic joint diseases | 5-HETE, LTB4↓ | [260] |
| Marchantin A | COX/5-LOX | Rheumatic joint diseases | 5-HETE, ROS↓ | [262] |
| Marchantin B | COX/5-LOX | |||
| Marchantin D | 5-LOX | |||
| Marchantin E | COX/5-LOX | |||
| Paleatin B | COX/5-LOX | |||
| Isoriccardin C | COX/5-LOX | |||
| Perrottetin D | COX/5-LOX | |||
| Radulanin H | COX/5-LOX | |||
| 4-Methylesculetin | 5-LOX | Rheumatic joint diseases; rheumatic heart valve disease | LTB4, ROS↓ | [258] |
| Panaxynol | 5-LOX | Asthma and allergic diseases | Noncompetitive inhibition of 5-HETE formation. | [260] |
| Apigenin | COX | Prostate cancer, oral cancer, gastric cancer | Inhibit tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis; COX-2, NF-κB↓ | [263] |
| Anthocyan | COX | Skin cancer, liver cancer | Suppressed skin damage in mice; abrogate hepatocarcinogenesis in rats; ERK 1/2, JNK1/2, p38, NO↓ | [264] |
| Baicalein | 12-LOX | Pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer | Cancer cells↓; Bcl-2↓ | [265] |
| Berberine | COX-2 | Colorectal cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, oral cancer | Induce apoptosis in cancer cells; PGE2↓ | [266] |
| Curcumin | COX-2 | Pancreas cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, cervix cancer, liver cancer, blood cancer, skin cancer | Cell survival↓; apoptosis in cancer cells↑ | [267] |
| Diallyl sulfide | COX-2 | Colon cancer, skin cancer | PI3K, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38, NF-κB ↓ | [268] |
| Ellagic acid | COX-2 | Pancreas cancer | NF-κB, Vimentin↓; E-cadherin↑ | [269] |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | COX-2 | Skin cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer | Bcl-2↓; IGF-1↓; phospho-ERKs 1 and 2↓; iNOS↓ | [270] |
| Eugenol | COX-2 | Colon cancer, skin cancer | Proliferation of human colon cancer cells↓; skin damage↓ | [271] |
| Fisetin | COX-2 | Colon cancer | Wnt/EGFR/NF-κB-signaling pathways↓, PGE2↓ | [272] |
| Garcinol | COX/5-LOX | Colon cancer | LTB4↓; PGE2↓ | [273] |
| Genistein | COX-2 | Liver cancer | Migration hepatocellular carcinoma cell ↓; Inflammation↓ | [274] |
| 6-Gingerol | 5-LOX | Colon cancer | LTA4 hydrolase↓ | [275] |
| Guggulsterone | COX-2 | Esophagus cancer, blood cancer | Esophageal adenocarcinoma cells↓; leukemic cells↓; PGE2↓ | [276] |
| Indole-3-carbinol | COX-2 | Blood cancer | MMP-9↓; Bcl-2↓; IL-1β↓; NF-Κb↓; cyclin D1↓; survivin↓; TRAF1↓ | [277] |
| Lycopene | COX-2 | Colon cancer | PGE2; phospho-ERKs 1 and 2↓ | [278] |
| Nordihydroguaiaretic acid | 12-LOX | Prostate cancer | 12-LOX, vascular endothelial growth factor, AKT, PI3K↓ | [279] |
| C-phycocyanin | COX-2 | Liver cancer | Inhibited MDR1-mediated drug resistance in HepG2 cells | [280] |
| Quercetin | COX | Colon cancer | Inflammation↓； inducible nitric oxide synthase in early stages↓ | [281] |
| Resveratrol | COX-2 | Breast cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer | PGE2, NF-κB↓ | [282] |
| Sulforaphane | COX-2 | Oral cancer, Bladder cancer | COX-2, MMP2, MMP9, ZEB1, Snail↓ | [283]; |
| Silibinin | COX | Colon cancer | ERK1/2, p-Akt, VEGF, NOS↓ | [284] |
| Thymoquinone | COX-2 | Bile duct cancer | Cell proliferation↓; PI3K, Akt, NF-κB, p65, Bcl-2, VEGF↓ | [285] |
| Triptolide | COX-2/5-LOX | Pancreatic cancer, colon cancer | Cell proliferation↓; apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells↑ | [286]; |
| Ursolic acid | COX-2 | Colon Cancer, prostate cancer | Cell proliferation↓; apoptosis in cancer cells↑ | [287] |
| Wogonin | COX-2 | Osteosarcoma | Tumor growth and metastasis and tumor-associated macrophages numbers↓ | [288] |
| Sagittaria sagittifolia polysaccharide | COX/LOX | NAFLD | Interfered AA metabolism via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway | [289] |
| Geniposide | Glycerophospholipid, arginine, proline, and AA metabolism | Liver fibrosis | Methane dicarboxylic aldehyde levels in liver↓;the apoptosis of hepatocytes↓;cleaved-Caspase 3, cleaved-Caspase 9, Bcl-2 Associated X ↓;IL-6, IL-1β,TNF α↓; Bcl↑PGs and LTs↓; | [290] |
| Other active compounds extracted from plants associated with AA | ||||
| Radix Paeoniae Rubra | COX-2 | Chronic pelvic inflammation disease | Inflammatory biomarker↓ | [291] |
| Baicalein | 12/15-LOX | Renal injury | 12-HETE↓; IL-6↓ | [292] |
| The methanolic extract of Cyathula prostrata | 5-LOX | Inflammation and pain | Histamine, serotonin, and kinin↓; 5-LOX derivatives↓ | [293] |
| Hordeum vulgare L | COX/LOX | Various inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases | SOD and glutathione peroxidase activity↑; COX and LOX↓; inflammation↓ | [294] |
| Panax notoginseng saponins | Tricarboxylic acid cycle, energy metabolism, and AA metabolism | Cardiotoxicity of periplocin | Cardiotoxicity biomarkers↓ | [295] |