Table 5:
Anthropometrics, blood pressure, blood chemistries, and questionnaires of participants who completed the study.
| Total (n = 23) | TRE (n = 10) | HE (n = 13) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Month 3 | Month 12 | Baseline | Month 3 | Month 12 | Baseline | Month 3 | Month 12 | P-value comparison of change between groups | |
| Weight (kg) | 86 ± 17 | 83 ± 18 | 83 ± 18 | 88 ± 20 | 85 ± 21 | 86 ± 20 | 85 ± 16 | 83 ± 16 | 80 ± 16 | .66 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.3 ± 5.3 | 29.3 ± 5.2 | 29.5 ± 5.2 | 30.4 ± 6.2 | 29.1 ± 6.4 | 29.5 ± 5.2 | 30.2 ± 4.2 | 29.4 ± 4.2 | 29.2 ± 5 | .37 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 111 ± 13 | NA | 108 ± 13 | 112 ± 15 | NA | 109 ± 15 | 111 ± 11 | NA | 105 ± 8 | .97 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101 ± 13 | NA | 95 ± 14 | 100 ± 15 | NA | 97 ± 16 | 102 ± 13 | NA | 91 ± 10 | .28 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 ± 0.07 | NA | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | NA | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | NA | 0.87 ± 0.07 | .15 |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 27 ± 11 | NA | 24 ± 14 | 28 ± 12 | NA | 24 ± 16 | 26 ± 11 | NA | 27 ± 12 | .19 |
| Total lean mass (kg) | 57 ± 12 | NA | 49 ± 19 | 58 ± 13 | NA | 51 ± 23 | 56 ± 12 | NA | 52 ± 10 | .45 |
| Adipose tissue (%) | 32 ± 9 | NA | 32 ± 10 | 32 ± 10 | NA | 31 ± 12 | 31 ± 9 | NA | 33 ± 9 | .18 |
| VAT mass (g) | 551 ± 291 | NA | 580 ± 348 | 655 ± 309 | NA | 635 ± 356 | 464 ± 255 | NA | 538 ± 351 | .06 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 101 ± 12 | 118 ± 12 | 118 ± 14 | 122 ± 14 | 119 ± 16 | 119 ± 16 | 119 ± 9 | 116 ± 9 | 118 ± 13 | .44 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76 ± 8 | 77 ± 8 | 75 ± 10 | 79 ± 7 | 78 ± 8 | 76 ± 6 | 74 ± 9 | 77 ± 8 | 75 ± 12 | .39 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 90 ± 5 | 83 ± 15 | 87 ± 7 | 89 ± 5 | 80 ± 16 | 87 ± 4 | 91 ± 6 | 85 ± 14 | 87 ± 9 | .74 |
| HOMA-IR | 4 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | .24 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | .43 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 119 ± 76 | 114 ± 49 | 108 ± 82 | 143 ± 100 | 137 ± 53 | 139 ± 115 | 100 ± 47 | 96 ± 39 | 84 ± 33 | .69 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179 ± 35 | 185 ± 23 | 175 ± 32 | 176 ± 31 | 184 ± 24 | 183 ± 30 | 182 ± 39 | 186 ± 22 | 168 ± 34 | .04 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 106 ± 30 | 110 ± 21 | 101 ± 25 | 98 ± 24 | 106 ± 24 | 103 ± 26 | 113 ± 33 | 114 ± 20 | 100 ± 26 | .047 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51 ± 11 | 54 ± 11 | 53 ± 14 | 54 ± 13 | 54 ± 13 | 56 ± 15 | 49 ± 10 | 53 ± 9 | 50 ± 14 | .58 |
| CKD–EPI eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74 ± 24 | 71 ± 21 | 71 ± 22 | 72 ± 24 | 72 ± 24 | 65 ± 21 | 76 ± 24 | 70 ± 20 | 76 ± 22 | .23 |
| CRP (ng/mL) | 4 ± 7 | 2 ± 2 | 5 ± 11 | 5 ± 8 | 6 ± 8 | 9 ± 16 | 4 ± 7 | 3 ± 3 | 2 ± 2 | .16 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 70 ± 28 | 69 ± 21 | 68 ± 23 | 62 ± 12 | 70 ± 15 | 66 ± 20 | 75 ± 35 | 65 ± 24 | 69 ± 26 | .63 |
| IGF1-BP (ng/mL) | 16 ± 10 | 25 ± 22 | 22 ± 18 | 16 ± 9 | 19 ± 16 | 18 ± 12 | 16 ± 11 | 26 ± 23 | 26 ± 21 | .27 |
| IGF-1 to IGF1-BP ratio | 10 ± 19 | 7 ± 8 | 8 ± 14 | 5.3 ± 3.2 | 7.2 ± 6.9 | 5.4 ± 3.9 | 14.4 ± 24 | 6.9 ± 8.5 | 10 ± 19 | .15 |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 29 ± 25 | 14 ± 14 | 26 ± 27 | 28 ± 26 | 19 ± 18 | 28 ± 29 | 29 ± 26 | 20 ± 22 | 25 ± 28 | .21 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 7 ± 4 | 8 ± 5 | 8 ± 5 | 6.7 ± 4.3 | 6.9 ± 5.2 | 7.7 ± 5.6 | 6.6 ± 4.1 | 8 ± 5 | 8 ± 5 | .44 |
| β-Hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | .54 |
| Serum chloride (mg/dL) | 106 ± 2 | 104 ± 3 | 104 ± 3 | 105 ± 1 | 103 ± 2 | 103 ± 3 | 105 ± 2 | 105 ± 3 | 106 ± 3 | .41 |
| Leisure/physical activity in MET (hours/week) | 13 ± 14 | 10 ± 13 | 12 ± 11 | 17 ± 20 | 9 ± 8 | 12 ± 11 | 10 ± 8 | 11 ± 16 | 13 ± 11 | .72 |
| POMS fatigue scale score | 4 ± 4 | 5 ± 4 | 4 ± 3 | 4 ± 2 | 4 ± 3 | 4 ± 3 | 5 ± 5 | 6 ± 5 | 4 ± 4 | .97 |
| POMS vigor activity scale score | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 3 | 8 ± 4 | 9 ± 4 | .87 |
| SF-36 mental health component summary score | 78 ± 16 | 79 ± 15 | 79 ± 17 | 73 ± 21 | 78 ± 14 | 73 ± 20 | 81 ± 12 | 79 ± 17 | 83 ± 13 | .28 |
| SF-36 physical health component summary score | 85 ± 12 | 90 ± 13 | 91 ± 11 | 87 ± 10 | 96 ± 7 | 94 ± 7 | 83 ± 13 | 86 ± 15 | 89 ± 13 | .44 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
There were no significant differences comparing change within groups at month 3 for any variables.
Welch two-sample t-tests were used to calculate P-values to compare the change at 12 months between groups (presented in the last column of the table).
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, Hemostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HbA1c%, hemoglobin A1c; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein, CKD–EPI eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation; CRP, C-reactive protein; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF1-BP, insulin-like growth factor-1 binding protein; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; POMS, Profile of Mood States questionnaire; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.