Table 1.
Characteristics of the study according to the change of CES-D-10 Scores.
| Characteristics | Total | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 3,237 | 1,285 | 949 | 305 | 522 | 176 | |
| Age | 57.45 ± 8.73 | 57.17 ± 8.56 | 57.46 ± 8.71 | 57.82 ± 8.93 | 57.55 ± 8.91 | 58.43 ± 9.02 | 0.388 |
| Gender (male) | 1,675 (51.75%) | 758 (58.99%) | 509 (53.64%) | 120 (39.34%) | 244 (46.74%) | 44 (25.00%) | <0.001 |
| Education level | <0.001 | ||||||
| Primary school or lower | 1,849 (57.12%) | 627 (48.79%) | 532 (56.06%) | 208 (68.20%) | 341 (65.33%) | 141 (80.11%) | |
| Secondary school or higher | 1,388 (42.88%) | 658 (51.21%) | 417 (43.94%) | 97 (31.80%) | 181 (34.67%) | 35 (19.89%) | |
| Current married | 2,921 (90.24%) | 1,202 (93.54%) | 855 (90.09%) | 255 (83.61%) | 466 (89.27%) | 143 (81.25%) | <0.001 |
| Hukou | <0.001 | ||||||
| Agriculture | 2,433 (75.16%) | 892 (69.42%) | 722 (76.08%) | 254 (83.28%) | 413 (79.12%) | 152 (86.36%) | |
| Others | 804 (24.84%) | 393 (30.58%) | 227 (23.92%) | 51 (16.72%) | 109 (20.88%) | 24 (13.64%) | |
| Smoking | 870 (26.88%) | 382 (29.73%) | 259 (27.29%) | 80 (26.23%) | 122 (23.37%) | 27 (15.34%) | <0.001 |
| Drinking | 1,251 (38.65%) | 575 (44.75%) | 376 (39.62%) | 84 (27.54%) | 182 (34.87%) | 34 (19.32%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 774 (23.91%) | 306 (23.81%) | 215 (22.66%) | 85 (27.87%) | 117 (22.41%) | 51 (28.98%) | 0.160 |
| Diabetes | 200 (6.18%) | 68 (5.29%) | 63 (6.64%) | 23 (7.54%) | 34 (6.51%) | 12 (6.82%) | 0.510 |
| Heart disease | 312 (9.64%) | 110 (8.56%) | 76 (8.01%) | 41 (13.44%) | 46 (8.81%) | 39 (22.16%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 62 (1.92%) | 15 (1.17%) | 21 (2.21%) | 10 (3.28%) | 7 (1.34%) | 9 (5.11%) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 390 (12.05%) | 152 (11.83%) | 113 (11.91%) | 41 (13.44%) | 61 (11.69%) | 23 (13.07%) | 0.928 |
| Lung disease | 234 (7.23%) | 79 (6.15%) | 66 (6.95%) | 26 (8.52%) | 42 (8.05%) | 21 (11.93%) | 0.051 |
| Depressive symptoms | 594 (18.35%) | 0 (0.00%) | 111 (11.70%) | 305 (100.00%) | 22 (4.21%) | 156 (88.64%) | <0.001 |
| CES-D-102013 | 5.84 ± 4.85 | 1.89 ± 1.51 | 6.98 ± 1.89 | 14.31 ± 3.27 | 5.42 ± 2.58 | 15.22 ± 5.03 | <0.001 |
| CES-D-102015 | 5.76 ± 5.29 | 2.30 ± 2.18 | 3.99 ± 2.18 | 8.39 ± 3.24 | 11.41 ± 3.03 | 19.32 ± 3.81 | <0.001 |
| Cumulative CES-D-10 | 11.61 ± 8.83 | 4.19 ± 2.65 | 10.97 ± 2.66 | 22.70 ± 4.57 | 16.83 ± 4.21 | 34.55 ± 5.68 | <0.001 |
| Dual sensory impairment | 1,061 (32.78%) | 343 (26.69%) | 341 (35.93%) | 112 (36.72%) | 194 (37.16%) | 71 (40.34%) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) in case of normal distribution and compared between two groups by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. If the count variable had a theoretical number <10, Fisher's exact probability test was used. Categorical variables are presented as counts (percentages) and compared by Chi-square test.