Table 2.
Case reports and case series.
| Study | Study Location | (N) | Gender | Age (y) | Ocular structure affected | Ocular Manifestations | Time of manifestation in disease course | Neuropsychiatric Involvement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dorronsoro et al. [62] | Argentina | 1 | female | 15 | Retina | Bilateral neuroretinitis | Disease onset | No |
| Parakh et al. [42] | India | 1 | female | 9 |
Retina, Uvea |
Retinal vasculopathy uveitis | Disease onset | No |
| Jeon et al. [19] | Korea | 1 | female | 13 | Retina | Ischaemic vaso-occlusive retinopathy | Disease onset | No |
| Alhassan et al. [43] | USA | 1 | female | 14 | Retina | Bilateral retinal vasculitis, panuveitis | Disease onset | No |
| Lu et al. [78] | China | 1 | female | 14 | Retina | HCQ-induced retinopathy | 7 years post-diagnosis | No |
| Deaner et al. [47] | USA | 1 | male | 15 | Retina | Vaso-occlusive retinopathy | 1 year post-diagnosis | No |
| Huang et al. [54] | China | 1 | female | 11 | Retina | CRVO, CRAO | 4 days post-diagnosis | No |
| Guleria et al. [51] | India | 2 | males | 8 and 9 | Retina | Retinal vasculopathy | Disease onset |
Yes (encephalopathy, one patient) |
| Firl et al. [45] | USA | 1 | female | 12 | Retina | Retinal vasculitis | Disease onset | No |
| Abbas et al. [44] | USA | 1 | female | 9 | Cornea | Bilateral interstitial keratitis | 6 months post-diagnosis | No |
| Jari et al. [32] | Iran | 1 | female | 13 | Orbit | Racoon eyes | Disease onset |
Yes (hallucinations, aggressive behaviour) |
| Moreno Páramo et al. [56] | Mexico | 1 | male | 14 | Retina | CRAO & CRVO, vitreous haemorrhage | Disease onset | No |
| Hamill et al. [33] | USA | 1 | female | 15 | Orbit | Bilateral eyelid swelling | 4 months post-diagnosis |
Yes (cerebral oedema) |
| Fischer et al. [52] | Brazil | 1 | female | 14 | Choroid, retina | Bilateral chorioretinopathy | 6 months post-diagnosis | No |
| Lanewalla et al. [71] | Pakistan | 1 | female | 14 | CNS, Optic nerve | Abducens nerve palsy causing strabismus and bilateral papilledema | 3 months post-diagnosis |
Yes (elevated ICP) |
| Georgakopoulos et al. [69] | Greece | 1 | female | 14 | Optic nerve | Bilateral Papilledema | Disease onset |
Unclear (suspected VI nerve palsy) |
| Wei et el. [67] | USA | 1 | female | 16 | Optic nerve | Bilateral optic neuritis | 2 years post-diagnosis | Yes (MRI: white lesions in the optic tract) |
| Chan et al. [31] | USA | 1 | female | 8 | Optic nerve, retina, conjunctiva, eyelids | Bilateral disc oedema, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, follicular conjunctivitis, symblepharon formation | Unclear | Yes (noncommunicating hydrocephalus secondary to stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius) |
| Ahmadieh et al. [68] | Iran | 1 | female | 11 | Optic nerve | Optic neuritis | 3 months post-diagnosis | Unclear |
| Hackett et al. [70] | USA | 1 | female | 11 | Retina, Optic nerve | Optic neuritis, retinal oedema | Unclear | Yes (lethargy) |
| Suri et al. [37] | India | 3 | females | 9, 14, 11 | Optic nerve |
C1: Unilateral optic neuritis C2: Unilateral Ischaemic optic neuropathy secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome. Sub-capsular cataracts with changes of glaucoma C3: Bilateral Optic neuritis |
C1: Disease onset C2: 6 years post-diagnosis C3: Disease onset |
Yes (C1: optic neuritis,brisk deep tendon reflexes, headache C2: optic neuritis, multifocal deep white matter lesions C3: optic nerve hyperintensities on STIR, optic neuritis) |
| Almeida et al. [36] | Brazil | 2 | females | 15 and 20 | Retina, uvea, lens, eyelids |
C1: Iridocyclitis and severe retinal vasculitis with haemorrhage, bilateral eyelid oedema, irregular pupil and cataract C2:Bilateral retinal necrotizing vasculitis compatible with varicella zoster virus ocular infection |
C1: 1-month post-diagnosis C2: 13 years post-diagnosis |
Yes C1: acute confusional state C2: peripheral polyneuropathy |
| Zhang et al. [46] | China | 1 | female | 15 | Retina | Bilateral Hemorrhagic Retinopathy with Roth Spots. Sudden, painless vision loss unilaterally | 1-year post-diagnosis | No |
| Nguyen et al. [35] | USA | 1 | female | 16 | Orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, retina, macula, choroid | Periorbital oedema and erythema. Chemosis, conjunctival injection, diffuse scleritis, superficial punctate keratitis, flare, RPE detachment over the macula, retinal folds and elevation inferiorly, consistent with choroidal detachment | Disease onset | Not mentioned |
| Parchand et al. [58] | India | 1 | female | 16 | Rerina | Combined central retinal artery occlusion) and central retinal vein occlusion | 6 months post-disease onset | Not mentioned |
| Graham et al. [38] | UK | 1 | female | 16 | Retina, conjunctiva | BRAO, deep retinal haemorrhage, subconjunctival haemorrhage | Disease onset | Yes (cerebral vasculitis and thrombosis) |
| Ho et al. [57] | Taiwan | 1 | female | 16 | Retina | Bilateral severe vaso-occlusive retinopathy | Disease onset | No |
| Palkar et al. [59] | India | 1 | female | 15 | Retina | Purtscher-like retinopathy | Disease onset | Not mentioned |
| Donnithorne et al. [55] | USA | 2 | females | 13, 16 | Retina | Retinal vasculitis and branch retinal artery occlusions | 1-year and 1-month post-diagnosis | Not mentioned |