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. 2025 Feb 17;39(6):1056–1069. doi: 10.1038/s41433-025-03664-x

Table 3.

Cross-sectional studies.

Study Study Location Total
(N)
Gender (male) Age
(years)
Ocular JSLE (N) Ocular structure affected Ocular Manifestations
Paim-Marques et al. [39] Brazil 76 15

Mean: 17.9

(SD ± 3.07)

76 Cornea Corneal vortex keratopathy
Ağın et al. [41] Turkey 42 Unclear, gender-matched

Median: 16

(6 to 19)

21 Episclera, Lens

Episcleritis (1 patient)

Corticosteroid-induced cataract (1 patient)

Gawdat et al. [12] Egypt 40 8

Mean:

13

40 Retina, Lens, Conjuctiva, Orbit, Episclera Ocular hyperaemia (4 patients), periorbital oedema (one patient), photosensitivity (24 patients)
Al-Mayouf et al. [18] Saudi Arabia 52 7 Mean: 11.3 18 Conjunctiva, lens, optic nerve, retina, uvea 18 patients with ocular manifestations: 7 with abnormal Schirmer’s test (2 bilateral, 5 unilateral). 5 with retinal vascular lesions (4 unilateral, one bilateral). 1 had bilateral iridocyclitis. 3 with unilateral optic neuropathy and 11 patients with visual field defects (4 bilateral, 7 unilateral)