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. 2025 Apr 8;15:11962. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96702-3

Table 7.

Coefficients of seasonal changes in equivalent soil resistivity according to2.

Type of ground electrode The value of the correction factor kp depending on the degree of soil moisture
Dry ground 1) Damp ground 3) Wet ground 2)
Horizontal ground electrode buried at a depth of 0.6–1.0 m 1.4 2.2 3.0
Vertical ground electrode with a length of 2.5 m to 5 m 1.2 1.6 2.0
Vertical ground electrode with a length of more than 5 m 1.1 1.2 1.3
Compound ground electrode It is recommended to determine the influence of the resistance of horizontal and vertical ground electrodes on the resultant groundingresistance

1) Ground can be classified for the period from June to September inclusive. The exception is the three days after long-term heavy rainfall.

2) Ground can be classified in a period beyond the defined period in point 1).

3) Ground is classified in this category if the conditions cannot be assigned to cases 1) and 2).