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. 2025 Mar 26;18:1552819. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2025.1552819

Figure 5.

Figure 5

The mRNA expression of reactive astrocyte cell markers in treated and untreated DS hiPSC-derived astrocytes and controls. Three pairs of cell lines (C2 vs. DS2, C4 vs. DS3, and C5 vs. DS4) were used to perform RT-qPCR. The mRNA expression levels of reactive astrocyte cell markers GFAP (A), S100B (B), EAAT1 (C), EAAT2 (D) and S100A10 (E) were analysed across different groups: Con group (Control; Disomic astrocytes), Con + X5050 group (Disomic astrocytes with X5050 treatment), DS + Li group (Trisomic astrocytes with lithium carbonate treatment), DS + Li + X5050 (Trisomic astrocytes with both lithium carbonate and X5050 treatment). The mRNA expression levels were normalised to two reference genes (HMBS and PSMB2), and the relative mRNA expression levels for each group were calculated. The relative expression levels of each group were normalised to those of the Con group to obtain log2 fold changes for statistical analyses. The resulting values were then log-transformed (base 2) for standardisation, and the results were analysed statistically. The one-way ANOVA was employed to assess the differences between groups. ns, not significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.