Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the NHANES (2007–2016) by Klotho levels
| Klotho levels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
| Participants, No. | 890 | 890 | 890 | 890 | |
| Klotho(pg/ml) | 525.9(87.7) | 723.5(44.8) | 897.4(57.6) | 1290.7(331.4) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical parameters | |||||
| Age(years) | 62.8(10.0) | 61.8(10.1) | 61.1(9.9) | 59.8(10.0) | < 0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.272 | ||||
| Female | 424 (47.6) | 416 (46.7) | 452 (50.8) | 445 (50.0) | |
| Male | 466 (52.4) | 474 (53.3) | 438 (49.2) | 445 (50.0) | |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 184 (20.7) | 170 (19.1) | 195 (21.9) | 178 (20.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 217 (24.4) | 187 (21.0) | 173 (19.4) | 253 (28.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 322 (36.2) | 327 (36.7) | 305 (34.3) | 253 (28.4) | |
| Other Hispanic | 92 (10.3) | 119 (13.4) | 119 (13.4) | 134 (15.1) | |
| Other Race | 75 (8.4) | 87 (9.8) | 98 (11.0) | 72 (8.1) | |
| PIR | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.6) | 0.970 |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.971 | ||||
| Divorced/ Separated | 186 (20.9) | 181 (20.3) | 184 (20.7) | 173 (19.4) | |
| Married/ Living with partner | 547 (61.5) | 555 (62.4) | 547 (61.5) | 549 (61.7) | |
| Never married/ Widowed | 157 (17.6) | 154 (17.3) | 159 (17.9) | 168 (18.9) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.003 | ||||
| Never smoker | 405 (45.5) | 393 (44.1) | 467 (52.5) | 457 (51.3) | |
| Former smoker | 321 (36.1) | 337 (37.9) | 282 (31.7) | 278 (31.2) | |
| Current smoker | 164 (18.4) | 160 (18.0) | 141 (15.8) | 155 (17.5) | |
| Alcohol status, n (%) | 0.566 | ||||
| Never | 148 (16.6) | 163 (18.3) | 179 (20.1) | 163 (18.3) | |
| Former | 278 (31.2) | 260 (29.2) | 247 (27.8) | 260 (29.2) | |
| Current | 464 (52.2) | 467 (52.5) | 464 (52.1) | 467 (52.5) | |
| Vital signs | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.5 (7.0) | 32.6 (7.2) | 32.5 (7.4) | 32.4(7.5) | 0.984 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 67.6 (12.9) | 68.7(13.1) | 69.6(12.8) | 70.8(12.9) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.8(19.9) | 130.4(18.8) | 129.3(18.4) | 131.0(19.3) | 0.261 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||
| ALT(U/L) | 24.5(14.0) | 25.7(13.7) | 28.2(33.4) | 31.4 (25.7) | < 0.001 |
| Alb(g/L) | 41.3 (3.5) | 41.8(3.2) | 41.8(3.3) | 41.4(3.5) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine(umol/L) | 106.1(99.0) | 86.1(40.6) | 81.8(53.2) | 80.0 (43.6) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 75.1(27.0) | 83.0(24.7) | 86.6(22.1) | 89.5(23.3) | < 0.001 |
| TC (mg/dl) | 4.7 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.2) | 4.9(1.1) | 5.0 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.561 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 (1.3) | 7.1(1.6) | 7.2(1.7) | 7.7 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0.223 | ||||
| No | 90 (10.1) | 96 (10.8) | 109 (12.2) | 115 (12.9) | |
| Yes | 800 (89.9) | 794 (89.2) | 781 (87.8) | 775 (87.1) | |
| Stroke, n (%) | 0.057 | ||||
| No | 795 (89.3) | 823 (92.5) | 822 (92.4) | 818 (91.9) | |
| Yes | 95(10.7) | 67 (7.5) | 68 (7.6) | 72 (8.1) | |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 0.007 | ||||
| No | 780 (87.6) | 804 (90.3) | 812 (91.2) | 821 (92.2) | |
| Yes | 110 (12.4) | 86 (9.7) | 78 (8.8) | 69 (7.8) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.024 | ||||
| No | 204 (22.9) | 229 (25.7) | 249 (28.0) | 256 (28.8) | |
| Yes | 686 (77.1) | 661 (74.3) | 641 (72.0) | 634 (71.2) | |
Abbreviations: PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic pressure; SBP, systolic pressure; ALT, alanine transaminase; Alb, albumin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycohemoglobin