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. 2025 Apr 9;24:110. doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02314-w

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Characteristics of the immune cells. A t-SNE visualization of three stromal regions (MR, IR, and FR), colored by distribution and patient tumors. B Stacked bar plot of the proportion of different stromal regions of each tumor. C Bubble chart of gene ontology enrichment for the stromal region markers. D Network plots of gene ontology enrichment for the up-regulated genes in the IR of the responder group. E Heatmap showing the expression levels of immune-related genes in post-treatment bulk-seq data (left panel) and ST stromal regions data (right panel), respectively. F Correlation analysis between MinDistance and various features in HCC (upper panel), accompanied by violin plots illustrating the M1/M2/CD8_native/CD8_Exhausted/CD8_Cytotoxic levels in the TRs (lower panel)