Table 1.

Proline-related genes expressed in crop plants.

Associated genes/species	Promoter	Crop	Result	References
P5CS (V. aconitifolia)	Act1	Rice	Better development of shoots and roots	[158]
P5CS (V. aconitifolia)	AIPC	Wheat	Accumulation of proline for improved tolerance to water deficit	[152]
P5CS (Pennisetum glaucum)	Ubiquitin	Tobacco	Higher chlorophyll, relative water, and proline content, and lower malondialdehyde (MDA)	[154]
ZFP252 (Oryza sativa)	35S	Rice	Increase the amount of proline, drought, and salinity tolerance	[159]
P5CS (Vigna aconitifolia)	35S	Pigeonpea	More proline than control plants and enhances root growth	[160]
OAT (Arabidopsis)	35S	Tobacco	More proline showed higher biomass and a higher germination rate	[96]
P5CS (Vigna aconitifolia)	35S	Tobacco	Overproduction of proline also enhanced root biomass and flower development	[161]