Table 3.
Elicitors of the proline biosynthesis pathway in plants.
| Species | Elicitors | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vicia faba | Ascorbic acid | Stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway | [169] |
| Panicum miliaceum L. | Selenium/zinc | Accumulation of more proline and better growth | [16, 67, 170] |
| Setaria italica L. | Zinc | Accumulation of more proline and better growth | [171] |
| Rubia tinctorum L. | Methyl jasmonate | Increased synthesis from glutamate, which could be originated by GDH from α-ketoglutarate | [172] |
| Zea mays L. | Hydrogen peroxide | Increase of activities of P5CS and significant upregulation of P5CS gene expression | [173] |
| Oryza sativa L. | Arsenic oxidearsenous trioxide | — | [57] |
| Rubia tinctorum | Methyl jasmonate | Stimulation of proline synthesis and GDH | [172] |
| Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. | Salicylic acid | — | [174] |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Phospholipase C | Phospholipase-based signaling | [175] |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | 1-Butanol | — | [176] |