Table 2.
Occurrences of mycotoxins in Europe (cereals) over the past five years (2019-2024).
| Mycotoxins | Matrix | Samples/Positive |
Incidence (%) |
Concentration Range (μg/kg) | Sample source | Country | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFB1 | Rice | 2/9 | 22 | n.d-1.62 | Supermarkets | Spain | 2022 | (Romero-Sánchez, et al., 2022) |
| 41/9 | 22 | 0.17-1.60 | 2021 | (Udovicki et al., 2021) | ||||
| Maize | 32/15 | 47 | 0.28-28.15 | |||||
| DON | Maize | 3/15 | 20 | n.d-1.79 | Fields | Croatia | 2024 | (Zadravec et al., 2024) |
| Maize | 205/268 | 74 | 22-9923 | Fields | Croatia | 2023 | (Janić Hajnal et al., 2023) | |
| 38/400 | 10 | 50-752 | Fields | Serbia | ||||
| Wheat flour | 9/75 | 12 | 110.6-607 | Retail markets | Poland | 2022 | (Pokrzywa & Surma, 2022) | |
| Maize flour | 8/24 | 33.3 | 129-1511 | |||||
| 2/20 | 10 | 84.4-212 | ||||||
| Maize silage | 22/28 | 79 | 30-1220 | Dairy farms | Austria | (Penagos-Tabares et al., 2022) | ||
| Wheat | 16/71 | 23 | 112-1916 | Warehouses | Albania | 2021 | (Topi et al., 2021) | |
| Maize | 120/120 | 100 | n.d-10972 | Farmers | Germany | (Birr et al., 2021) | ||
| 11/45 | 24 | 110-799 | Warehouses | Albania | (Topi et al., 2021) | |||
| 31/98 | 31.6 | n.d-1737 | Grain stores | Spain | 2020 | (Tarazona et al., 2020) | ||
| 220/257 | 85.6 | n-d-5322.4 | Dairy farms | Belgium | 2019 | (Vandicke et al., 2019) | ||
| FB1 | Maize | 389/400 | 97 | 9-21239 | Fields | Serbia | 2023 | (Janić Hajnal et al., 2023) |
| Maize silage | 21/28 | 75 | 14-356 | Dairy farms | Austria | 2022 | (Penagos-Tabares et al., 2022) | |
| Maize | 70/98 | 71.1 | n.d-50.9 | Grain store | Spain | 2020 | (Tarazona et al., 2020) | |
| 74/257 | 28.6 | n.d-4414.9 | Dairy farms | Belgium | 2019 | (Vandicke et al., 2019) | ||
| Maize flour | 33/64 | 51.6 | n.d-1.46 | Supermarkets & retail shops | Hungry | 2019 | (Zentai et al., 2019) | |
| FB2 | Maize | 388/400 | 97 | 5-5825 | Fields | Serbia | 2023 | (Janić Hajnal et al., 2023) |
| Maize silage | 14/28 | 50 | 10.1-97.8 | Dairy farms | Austria | 2022 | (Penagos-Tabares et al., 2022) | |
| Maize | 55/98 | 56.1 | n.d-12.1 | Grain stores | Spain | 2020 | (Tarazona et al., 2020) | |
| 26/257 | 10.2 | n.d-1427.4 | Dairy farms | Belgium | 2019 | (Vandicke et al., 2019) | ||
| FB1B2 | Maize flour | 3/12 | 25 | 160.8-216.4 | Retail markets | Poland | 2022 | (Pokrzywa & Surma, 2022) |
| Maize | 34/45 | 76 | 59.9-16970 | Warehouses | Albania | 2021 | (Topi et al., 2021) | |
| TFU | Maize | 170/191 | 89 | 24-13800 | Fields | Croatia | 2023 | (Janić Hajnal et al., 2023) |
| 7/10 | 70 | n.d-1009.36 | Markets | Romania | 2022 | (Mihalcea & Amariei, 2022) | ||
| 73/257 | 28.6 | n.d-6253.5 | Dairy farms | Belgium | 2019 | (Vandicke et al., 2019) | ||
| OTA | Wheat grain | 2/11 | 18 | 0.9-2.9 | Markets | Poland | 2019 | (Hajok et al., 2019) |
| Corn flour | 3/45 | 7 | 0.7-1.6 | |||||
| Wheat flour | 13/113 | 12 | 0.7-5.8 | |||||
| ZEN | Maize | 168/382 | 44 | 3.1-1241 | Fields | Croatia | 2023 | (Janić Hajnal et al., 2023) |
| 128/257 | 49.8 | n.d-2791.6 | Dairy farms | Belgium | 2019 | (Vandicke et al., 2019) | ||
| Maize silage | 17/28 | 61 | 2.08-53.9 | Austria | 2022 | (Penagos-Tabares et al., 2022) | ||
| Maize | 115/120 | 96 | n.d-3910 | Farmers | Germany | 2021 | (Birr et al., 2021) | |
| 2/45 | 4.4 | 218-263 | Warehouse | Albania | 2021 | (Topi et al., 2021) | ||
| 24/98 | 24.5 | n.d-11.3 | Grain store | Spain | 2020 | (Tarazona et al., 2020) |
Note: AFB1, Aflatoxin B1; AFB2, Aflatoxin B2; AFTs, Aflatoxins total (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2); DON, Deoxynivalenol; ZEN, Zearalenone; FB1, Fumonisins B1; FB2, Fumonisins B2; OTA, Ochratoxin A; FB1B2, Sum of fumonisins B1, & B2; TFU; Total fumonisins.