Table 8.
Most commonly, chromatographic techniques used for analysis of mycotoxins in cereals.
| Techniques | Mycotoxins | Food Matrix | LOD (μg/kg) | LOQ (μg/kg) | Country | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPLC-DAD | DON | Wheat flour | 50 | 100 | Poland | 2022 | (Pokrzywa & Surma, 2022) |
| Maize flour | |||||||
| HPLC-FLD | ZEN | Wheat flour | 4.5 | 15 | |||
| Maize flour | |||||||
| HPLC-FLD | FB1B2 | Maize flour | 75 | 150 | |||
| HPLC-FLD | OTA | Wheat flour | 0.6 | 1.2 | Poland | 2019 | (Hajok et al., 2019) |
| Corn flour | |||||||
| Wheat grain | |||||||
| HPLC-FLD | AFB1 | Rice | 0.014 | 0.046 | Colombia | 2019 | (Martinez-Miranda et al., 2019) |
| AFB2 | 0.004 | 0.014 | |||||
| AFG1 | 0.014 | 0.046 | |||||
| AFG2 | 0.004 | 0.014 | |||||
| HPLC-FLD | AFB1 | Wheat | 0.0042 | 0.027 | Lebanon | 2020 | (Joubrane et al., 2020) |
| OTA | 0.0034 | 0.015 | |||||
| HPLC-FLD | AFB1 | Wheat flour | 0.003 | 0.01 | Iran | 2021 | (Jahanbakhsh et al., 2021) |
| HPLC-FLD | AFs | Maize | 0.99 | 2.97 | Ghana | 2021 | (Kortei et al., 2021) |
| HPLC-FLD | AFB1 | Wheat | 0.04 | 0.1 | Egypt | 2020 | (Hathout et al., 2020) |
| OTA | Wheat | 0.02 | 0.07 | ||||
| HPLC-FLD | AFs | Maize dough | 0.08 | 0.15 | Togo | 2021 | (Hanvi et al., 2021) |
| HPLC-FLD | AFs | Maize | 0.5 | 0.1 | Ghana | 2019 | (Dadzie et al., 2019) |
| HPLC-FLD | AFB1 | Maize | 0.5 | 0.15 | Pakistan | 2020 | (Wajih Ul Hassan et al., 2020) |
| AFB2 | Maize | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||||
| AFG1 | Maize | 0.05 | 0.15 | ||||
| AFG2 | Maize | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||||
| OTA | Maize | 0.01 | 0.03 | ||||
| AFB2 | Rice | 0.012 | 0.039 | ||||
| AFG1 | Rice | 0.011 | 0.038 | ||||
| AFG2 | Rice | 0.004 | 0.012 | ||||
| HPLC-FLD | ZEN | Maize | 2.5 | 8.5 | China | 2022 | (Tan et al., 2022) |
| HPLC-FLD | OTA | Flour | 0.3 | 1 | Chile | 2022 | (Calderón et al., 2022) |
| HPLC-PDA | DON | Maize | 14.08 | 46.9 | Turkey | 2020 | (Golge & Kabak, 2020) |
| DON | Wheat | 21.7 | 72.3 | ||||
| HPLC-FLD | ZEN | Maize | 1.06 | 3.5 | |||
| ZEN | Wheat | 1.12 | 3.7 | ||||
| HPLC-UV | DON | White rice | 6.4 | 21.3 | Republic of Korea | 2018 | (Ok et al., 2018) |
| Brown rice | 8.4 | 27.9 | |||||
| Bran | 10 | 33.5 | |||||
| LC-MS/MS | AFB1 | Rice | 0.16 | 0.54 | Spain | 2022 | (Romero-Sánchez et al., 2022) |
| LC/MS-MS | FB1 | Grains | 2.4 | 8 | Croatia | 2021 | (Kifer et al., 2021) |
| LC/MS-MS | FB1 | Raw maize | 7 | 28 | China | 2019 | (Hu et al., 2019) |
| LC/MS-MS | FB1 | Maize | 2.4 | 8 | South Africa | 2020 | (Ekwomadu et al., 2020) |
| LC/MS-MS | DON | Maize | 15 | 50 | Albania | 2021 | (Topi, Babič et al., 2021) |
| FB1 | Maize | ||||||
| DON | Wheat | ||||||
| LC-MS/MS | AFTs | Maize | 10 | 25 | Italy | 2020 | (Bertuzzi et al., 2020) |
| DON | Wheat | 10 | 25 | ||||
| LC-MS/MS | AFs | Maize | 0.16 | 0.54 | Morocco | 2019 | (Ouakhssase, Chahid et al., 2019) |
| LC/MS-MS | AFB1 | Wheat | 0.1208 | 0.2608 | Ethiopia | 2022 | (Fikadu et al., 2022) |
| AFB2 | Wheat | 0.0302 | 0.0738 | ||||
| AFG1 | Wheat | 0.0328 | 0.079 | ||||
| AFG2 | Wheat | 0.1272 | 0.3232 | ||||
| LC/MS-MS | AFB1 | Rice | 0.03 | 0.5 | China | 2019 | (Zhao et al., 2019) |
| LC/MS-MS | AFB1 | Maize | 0.28 | 0.5 | Serbia | 2021 | (Udovicki et al., 2021) |
| Rice | 0.17 | 0.5 | |||||
| UHPLC-FLD | AFTs | Maize | 0.8 | 2.9 | Burkina Faso | 2022 | (Bandé et al., 2022) |
| UHPLC-MS-MS | FB1 | Maize | 0.02 | 0.06 | China | 2022 | (Wang et al., 2022) |
| Wheat | 0.02 | 0.06 | |||||
| UHPLC-MS/MS | DON | Maize | 11.9 | 36 | Spain | 2020 | (Tarazona et al., 2020) |
| UHPLC-MS/MS | AFB1 | Rice | 0.06 | 0.2 | China | 2022 | (Hu et al., 2022) |
| HPTLC | AFB1 | Cereals | - | - | India | 2020 | (Pradhan & Ananthanarayan, 2020) |
| TLC | AFTs | Rice | - | - | Pakistan | 2021 | (Ishaque Tahir et al., 2021) |
Note: AFTs, Aflatoxins total; AFB1, Aflatoxin B1; AFB2, Aflatoxin B2; AFG2, Aflatoxin G2; DON, Deoxynivalenol; ZEN, Zearalenone; FB1, Fumonisins B1; FB2, Fumonisins B2; OTA, Ochratoxin A; FB1B2, Sum of fumonisins B1 & B2; TFU, Total fumonisins.