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. 2025 Mar 28;12:1548597. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2025.1548597

Table 3A.

Complication rates per patient for FIs of the upper face (FH, OF, FN).

Implant material TI PEEK PPE ME HA(/PLLA) SI PMMA ePTFE HTR PRO GC PCL
Total number of patients 30 8 38 0 17 17 20 0 0 0 0 0
Total complication rate [%] 0 0 5 (13) 0 0 2 (12) 2 (10) 0 0 0 0 0
Infection/inflammation [%] 0 0 1 (2.6) 0 0 2 (12) 1 (5) 0 0 0 0 0
Hematoma [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (5) 0 0 0 0 0
Persistent pain [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nerve injury [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wound dehiscence [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Implant exposure [%] 0 0 4 (11) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Displacement/extrusion [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bone resorption [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bone erosion [%] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TI, titanium; PEEK, polyetheretherketone; PPE, polyethylene; ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluorethylene; SI, silicone; ME, mersilene; HA/PLLA, hydroxylapatite/poly-l-lactide; PCL, polycaprolactone; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate; GC, glass ceramics; PRO, Proplast; ZR, zirconium oxide; HTR, hard tissue replacement; FH, forehead; MF, midface; OF, orbitofrontal; FN, frontonasal; ORB, orbital; NOSE, nose; PN, paranasal; MAX, maxilla; MAN, mandible, MAL, malar; CHIN, chin.

Bold values indicate total numbers.