Table 6.

This table summarizes the main features, advantages, and limitations of the Goldbeter, De Young-Keizer, Atri, Li-Rinzel, and De Pittà models, providing with a quick reference to understand the merits and constraints of each modeling approach.

Comparative overview of mathematical model for Calcium dynamics
Model	Main Features	Advantages	Limitations
Goldbeter	A minimalistic model for calcium oscillations based on enzymatic feedback	Simple and intuitive; highlights basic oscillatory mechanisms.	Does not capture specific details of IP3 receptors and more complex molecular interactions.
De Young-Keizer	Provides a detailed description of the IP3 receptor with multiple states (activation and inhibition) and calcium dynamics.	Offers a realistic and in-depth representation of the IP3/Ca2+ system.	Highly complex with many parameters, making analysis and calibration challenging.
Atri	A simplified model that integrates both positive and negative feedback in the IP3-Ca2+ system.	Facilitates theoretical analysis and bifurcation studies thanks to its reduced structure.	The simplification may overlook some relevant molecular details.
Li-Rinzel	A reduced version of the De Young-Keizer model that retains the essential dynamics of calcium oscillations.	Balances key mechanism simplicity with ease of mathematical analysis	Balances key mechanism simplicity with ease of mathematical analysis
De Pittà	Integrates molecular and spatial aspects, making it particularly suitable for simulating complex dynamics (e.g., in astrocytes).	Provides a comprehensive and versatile approach to simulate complex interactions in physiological contexts.	High computational complexity and numerous parameters make calibration challenging.