Thylakoids were solubilized with (A) 0.25% β-DM, (B) 0.8% β-DM, or (C) 1.5% β-DM, protein complexes were separated by two-dimensional BN/SDS/PAGE and the gels were stained with silver. The white arrow shows the CupA protein in the NDH-1 complex that is dominating under the given detergent condition. The major NDH-1 subunits as well as the PSII (Photosystem II) subunits D1, D2, CP43 and CP47 are indicated by black arrows.