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. 2025 Mar 23;14(7):2194. doi: 10.3390/jcm14072194

Table 3.

Descriptive data for the primary outcomes (VAS; KOOS-Pain; KOOS-Symptoms) for all four time points (mean ± SD).

VAS pre 6 Months 12 Months 24 Months
MACI 3.5 ± 2.1 2.5 ± 1.9 2.2 ± 2.0 * 2.1 ± 1.7 *
AMIC 2.8 ± 2.1 1.6 ± 1.3 1.8 ± 1.9 1.7 ± 2.2
MCI 4.6 ± 2.5 1.7 ± 1.7 * 1.5 ± 1.3 ** 2.0 ± 1.6 *
KOOS-Pain
MACI 65.28 ± 17.82 71.18 ± 13.18 76.50 ± 14.81 * 80.56 ± 13.08 *
AMIC 67.41 ± 15.51 80.93 ± 12.89 * 80.37 ± 11.57 * 80.74 ± 18.85 *
MCI 62.34 ± 19.51 81.77 ± 13.91 * 80.90 ± 12.98 * 83.89 ± 12.91 **
KOOS-Symptoms
MACI 63.97 ± 15.37 67.22 ± 9.44 71.96 ± 12.76 * 74.60 ± 14.30 *
AMIC 64.86 ± 13.10 73.50 ± 11.95 72.13 ± 10.42 72.39 ± 14.34
MCI 60.81 ± 13.76 76.22 ± 12.44 * 74.95 ± 14.43 * 83.97 ± 11.05 **

* significant effect of time p ≤ 0.005; ** high significant effect of time p ≤ 0.001.