| KIM-1 | Kidney Injury Molecule-1 |
| RCC | renal cell carcinoma |
| TCGA | The Cancer Genome Atlas |
| NGAL | Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| CALLY | C-reactive protein–albumin–lymphocyte |
| CKD | chronic kidney disease |
| DKD | diabetic kidney disease |
| CTCs | circulating tumour cells |
| ctDNA | cell-free tumour DNA |
| VOCs | volatile organic compounds |
| TNFR | Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptors |
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