| NPs | Nanoparticles |
| NiFe2O4 NPs | Iron–nickel oxide nanoparticles |
| Tris-HCl | Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride |
| DLS | Dynamic light scattering |
| CAT | Catalase |
| MDA | Malondialdehyde |
| SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
| POD | Peroxidase |
| SS | Soluble sugar |
| TP | Total protein |
| Starch | Starch |
| AA | Amino acid |
| FFA | Free fatty acid |
| AK | Available potassium |
| AP | Available phosphorus |
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