View full-text article in PMC Sensors (Basel). 2025 Mar 26;25(7):2078. doi: 10.3390/s25072078 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice Algorithm 1 Diffusion-Based SSL With Linear Arrays %For each array, at each new iteration i, do %Adapt Step ψk,i=sk,i−1−2μkek(sk,i−1,ϑk,i)∇sek(sk,i−1,ϑk,i) %Select Combination Strategy for each neighbor l∈Nk do %ComputePenaltyFactor φl,i accordingto(18)–(20) γl,i=(1−ζ)γl,i−1+ζφl,i wlk,i=1γl,i∑l∈Nk1γl,i−1,ifl∈Nk end for %Combine Step sk,i=∑l∈Nkwlk,iψl,i