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. 2025 Apr 11;15:12459. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96452-2

Table 4.

Factors associated with DASS-D, DASS-S and DASS-A.

Factor DASS-D DASS-S DASS-A
B β 95%CI B p* B β 95%CI B p* B β 95%CI B p*
Age 0.010 0.025 − 0.05 to 0.07 0.719 − 0.054 − 0.106 − 0.11 to 0.01 0.080 − 0.003 − 0.008 − 0.06 to 0.06 0.916
Gender − 1.282 − 0.150 − 2.17 to − 0.40 0.005 − 2.158 − 0.205 − 3.26 to − 1.05 < 0.001 − 1.704 − 0.203 − 2.61 to 0.80 < 0.001
Educational level 0.002 0.000 − 1.06 to 1.07 0.997 0.860 0.072 − 0.46 to 2.18 0.202 0.304 0.032 − 0.77 to 1.38 0.579
Doctors − 0.547 − 0.027 − 2.66 to 1.56 0.610 − 0.618 − 0.031 − 2.76 to 1.52 0.570
Psychiatrist − 1.125 − 0.143 − 1.97 to − 0.28 0.009 − 1.094 − 0.114 − 2.13 to − 0.06 0.039 − 0.803 − 0.104 − 1.65 to 0.04 0.063
Living with a partner − 0.186 − 0.015 − 1.56 to 1.18 0.789 2.204 0.145 0.46–3.94 0.013 0.672 0.056 − 0.74 to 2.08 0.350
Household size − 0.389 − 0.117 − 0.92 to 0.15 0.154
Parent − 1.057 − 0.098 − 2.84 to 0.73 0.244 − 1.287 − 0.150 − 3.07 to 0.50 0.158
Number of children 0.352 0.092 − 0.30 to 1.00 0.289 0.127 0.027 − 0.62 to 0.87 0.738 0.113 0.030 − 0.51 to 0.74 0.722
Child < 18 years 0.195 0.025 − 0.98 to 1.37 0.744 0.335 0.044 − 1.06 to 1.73 0.637
Frontline doctor and/or nurse 0.455 0.049 − 0.54 to 1.45 0.371 − 0.096 − 0.008 − 1.32 to 1.13 0.878 0.035 0.004 − 0.97 to 1.04 0.945
Close contact contracted COVID-19 and/or died due to COVID-19 2.303 0.114 0.24–4.36 0.028 0.533 0.021 − 2.04 to 3.11 0.684 1.029 0.052 − 1.05 to 3.11 0.331
Previous somatic disorder − 0.310 − 0.032 − 1.31 to 0.69 0.543 − 0.375 − 0.032 − 1.62 to 0.87 0.554 − 0.097 − 0.010 − 1.11 to 0.91 0.851
Previous mental disorder 4.037 0.153 1.31–6.76 0.004 4.516 0.139 1.13–7.90 0.009 3.662 0.142 0.90–6.41 0.009
Financial situation, family relations, and living conditions satisfaction − 4.564 − 0.273 − 6.26 to − 2.86 < 0.001 − 5.168 − 0.252 − 7.28 to − 3.06 < 0.001 − 3.804 − 0.232 − 5.52 to 2.09 < 0.001

Significant values are in bold.