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. 2025 Apr 12;15:12690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96901-y

Table 10.

Results of GD metric for RWMaOP problems.

Problem M D MaOALO MaOPSO MaOSOS MaOMVO NSGA-III MaOMPA
RWMaOP1 9 7 0.23646 ± 0.0827 0.10727 ± 0.0143 0.061221 ± 0.0140 0.081129 ± 0.0148 0.10309 ± 0.00973 0.060667 ± 0.00863
RWMaOP2 7 3 1.6040 ± 0.528 0.81127 ± 0.196 1.2460 ± 0.301 1.0050 ± 0.170 1.4753 ± 0.237 1.1674 ± 0.211
RWMaOP3 5 6 2959.1 ± 526 1418.4 ± 108 1543.1 ± 311 14,630 ± 5260 14,074 ± 942 1414.6 ± 35.9
RWMaOP4 4 4 0.016356 ± 0.00533 0.0031254 ± 0.000701 0.0064261 ± 0.00174 0.0055193 ± 0.000684 0.0078981 ± 0.00115 0.0082891 ± 0.00183

Significant values are in bold.