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. 2025 Apr 12;15:12690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96901-y

Table 12.

Results of spacing metric for RWMaOP problems.

Problem M D MaOALO MaOPSO MaOSOS MaOMVO NSGA-III MaOMPA
RWMaOP1 9 7 3.7887 ± 0.308 1.7907 ± 1.07 3.4961 ± 2.00 3.7165 ± 1.01 3.1794 ± 0.93 1.3906 ± 0.312
RWMaOP2 7 3 93.583 ± 38.1 27.145 ± 5.77 29.982 ± 3.56 25.828 ± 2.80 30.702 ± 2.58 15.685 ± 0.814
RWMaOP3 5 6 87,149 ± 16,500 39,787 ± 9360 53,290 ± 6390 127,530 ± 30,800 56,712 ± 11,000 44,291 ± 3730
RWMaOP4 4 4 0.12548 ± 0.0213 0.070606 ± 0.0160 0.094072 ± 0.00614 0.078004 ± 0.00915 0.088987 ± 0.0170 0.039776 ± 0.00395

Significant values are in bold.