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. 2025 Apr 12;15:12690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96901-y

Table 13.

Statistical test results of spacing and p-values for RWMaOP problems.

Problem M D MaOALO MaOPSO MaOSOS MaOMVO NSGA-III MaOMPA p-values
RWMaOP1 9 7 5 2.3333 3.5 4.6667 3.8333 1.6667 0.0129
RWMaOP2 7 3 5.6667 3.1667 4.3333 2.6667 4.1667 1 0.0005
RWMaOP3 5 6 5.1667 1.6667 2.8333 5.8333 3.3333 2.1667 0.0002
RWMaOP4 4 4 5.8333 2.5 4.8333 2.8333 4 1 0.0001

Significant values are in bold.