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. 2025 Apr 12;15:12690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96901-y

Table 9.

Statistical test results of IGD and p-values for WFG problems.

Problem M D MaOALO MaOPSO MaOSOS MaOMVO NSGA-III MaOMPA p-values
WFG1 5 14 4.2 4.6 3.6 3.4 4.2 1 0.0336
7 16 4.2 4.4 2.4 5.6 3.4 1 0.0021
WFG2 5 14 4 3.8 2.8 6 2.4 2 0.0101
7 16 4.4 2.6 3.6 6 2.6 1.8 0.0055
WFG3 5 14 3.2 2.6 4.4 4 5.8 1 0.0017
7 16 1.8 4 5.8 5.2 2.2 2 0.0006
WFG4 5 14 5.8 5.2 3.2 1.8 3.8 1.2 0.0003
7 16 5.8 2 5 1.2 3.6 3.4 0.0006
WFG5 5 14 5.6 5 2.4 1 2.6 4.4 0.0004
7 16 5.2 5.8 3.8 1.4 2.2 2.6 0.0006
WFG6 5 14 5.4 5.2 2.2 2 2 4.2 0.0021
7 16 5.6 5.4 2.8 1.4 2 3.8 0.0006
WFG7 5 14 6 4 1.4 3.6 2.4 3.6 0.0039
7 16 5.2 1.6 3.6 3 2.2 5.4 0.0041
WFG8 5 14 5.4 5.2 1 3 3.2 3.2 0.0021
7 16 3.6 5.8 4 4.2 1.6 1.8 0.0031
WFG9 5 14 5.2 4.8 3.2 4.8 1.6 1.4 0.0010
7 16 3.2 4.2 3.6 6 2.6 1.4 0.0041

Significant values are in bold.