Table 3.
Complications and outcomes reported following cardiac catheterization for pediatric patients supported on ECMO.
| Procedural complications | Total (N = 3473) | Single ventricle (n = 1096) | Biventricle (n = 2377) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arrhythmia | 116 (3.34%) | 42 (3.83%) | 74 (3.11%) | .27 |
| New valve regurgitation | 7 (0.20%) | 3 (0.27%) | 4 (0.17%) | .52 |
| Tamponade | 15 (0.43%) | 2 (0.18%) | 13 (0.55%) | .13 |
| Air embolus | 4 (0.12%) | 3 (0.27%) | 1 (0.04%) | .06 |
| Embolic stroke | 6 (0.17%) | 1 (0.09%) | 5 (0.21%) | .43 |
| Device malposition or thrombus | 11 (0.32%) | 2 (0.18%) | 9 (0.38%) | .34 |
| Device embolization (requiring retrieval) | 4 (0.12%) | 1 (0.09%) | 3 (0.13%) | .78 |
| New requirement for dialysis | 19 (0.55%) | 3 (0.27%) | 16 (0.67%) | .14 |
| Coronary artery compression | 1 (0.04%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.06%) | .50 |
| Erosion | 1 (0.04%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.06%) | .50 |
| Airway event requiring escalation of care | 13 (0.37%) | 6 (0.55%) | 7 (0.29%) | .26 |
| Event requiring ECMO | 28 (0.81%) | 14 (1.28%) | 14 (0.59%) | .04 |
| Event requiring LVAD | 4 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (0.17%) | .17 |
| Bleeding event | 95 (2.74%) | 41 (3.74%) | 54 (2.27%) | .01 |
| Vascular complications requiring treatment | 25 (0.72%) | 18 (1.64%) | 7 (0.29%) | <.001 |
| Unplanned cardiac surgery | 63 (1.81%) | 20 (1.82%) | 43 (1.81%) | .97 |
| Unplanned vascular surgery | 7 (0.20%) | 4 (0.36%) | 3 (0.13%) | .14 |
| Unplanned other surgery | 62 (1.79%) | 27 (2.47%) | 35 (1.47%) | .04 |
| Subsequent cardiac catheterization | 20 (0.58%) | 9 (0.82%) | 11 (0.46%) | .19 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Death in lab | 6 (0.37%) | 2 (0.33%) | 4 (0.39%) | .85 |
| Cardiac arrest | 41 (1.18%) | 15 (1.37%) | 26 (1.09%) | .49 |
| Alive at discharge | 1846 (53.15%) | 495 (45.16%) | 1351 (56.84%) | <.001 |
Values are n (%).
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; LVAD, left ventricular assist device.