Table 2.
Novel cardiovascular robotic systems in clinical use or development.
| Robotic Company | Clinical use | Stage of development | Special features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robocath | Endovascular | In clinical use | In clinical use for PCI—Europe and China |
| Microbot Medical | Endovascular | IDE trial completed for peripheral intervention in the US | Wireless, disposable, and intended for single use |
| Nanoflex Robotics | Endovascular | Preclinical | Utilizes electromagnetic field for device navigation |
| Sentante | Endovascular | Initial clinical trial enrolling in Europe | Provides haptic feedback |
| Telos Health | Endovascular | Preclinical | Focusing on telerobotic stroke treatment |
| XCath | Endovascular | Preclinical | Developing electrically actuated steerable guide wire |
| ROSES | Endovascular | First-in-human study completed | Focused initially on R-PCI |
PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; R-PCI, robotic percutaneous coronary intervention.