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. 2025 Apr 12;25:174. doi: 10.1186/s12890-025-03630-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 2 — Age-standardized DALY rate (A) and age-standardized incidence rate (B) of COPD per 100,000 population across the 21 Global Burden of Disease regions, stratified by Sociodemographic Index (SDI), from 1990 to 2021. Expected values based on SDI and disease rates across all locations are shown as a black line. DALY, Disability-Adjusted Life Year