TABLE 2—
Prevalence Rates of 12-Month Major Depression, by Demographic, Health, and Economic Characteristics (n = 7690)
| Baseline (1996) Characteristic | No. | Depressed Population, % | Depression Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 5760 | 7.75 | Reference |
| African American | 1268 | 8.85 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.44) |
| Hispanic | 662 | 10.78 | 1.44 (1.02, 2.04) |
| Sociodemographics | |||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 3367 | 5.91 | Reference |
| Female | 4323 | 10.06 | 1.78 (1.51, 2.10) |
| Age, y | |||
| Less than 60 | 3965 | 9.35 | Reference |
| ≥ 60 | 3725 | 6.64 | 0.69 (0.59, 0.81) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/lives with partner | 5658 | 6.57 | Reference |
| Divorced/widowed | 1765 | 13.26 | 2.17 (1.78, 2.66) |
| Single | 267 | 7.85 | 1.21 (0.81, 1.82) |
| Lives alone | 1144 | 11.55 | 1.62 (1.28, 2.06) |
| Has child | 7194 | 8.15 | 1.19 (0.86, 1.64) |
| Has grandchild | 6151 | 8.33 | 1.18 (0.93, 1.50) |
| Parent alive | 4063 | 7.58 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) |
| Helps parent with basic activities | 1383 | 10.12 | 1.37 (1.10, 1.70) |
| Health needs | |||
| Chronic conditions | |||
| None | 1590 | 3.56 | Reference |
| Potential life threat | |||
| Cancer | 574 | 11.21 | 1.49 (1.14, 1.93) |
| Heart disease | 1261 | 15.77 | 2.66 (2.23, 3.18) |
| Lung disease | 699 | 18.11 | 2.92 (2.27, 3.74) |
| Stroke | 294 | 16.98 | 2.44 (1.69, 3.52) |
| Other conditions | |||
| Arthritis | 3844 | 10.79 | 2.08 (1.77, 2.44) |
| Diabetes | 1025 | 12.23 | 1.72 (1.36, 2.18) |
| Hypertension | 3365 | 10.44 | 1.71 (1.40, 2.10) |
| Obesity | 2011 | 9.79 | 1.34 (1.14, 1.57) |
| Functional limitations | |||
| Physical limitations | |||
| None | 3857 | 3.23 | Reference |
| One | 1553 | 7.09 | 2.29 (1.66, 3.15) |
| Multiple | 2280 | 17.79 | 6.48 (5.19, 8.11) |
| Daily task limitations | |||
| None | 7011 | 6.71 | Reference |
| IADL Only | 279 | 18.62 | 3.18 (2.12, 4.77) |
| ADL | 400 | 26.41 | 4.99 (3.80, 6.55) |
| Health behavior | |||
| Currently smokes | 1872 | 11.59 | 1.77 (1.47, 2.12) |
| Alcohol use | |||
| None in past 3 months | 5008 | 9.59 | Reference |
| Less than 3 drinks/day | 2484 | 5.26 | 0.52 (0.41, 0.67) |
| 3 or more drinks/day | 198 | 8.87 | 0.92 (0.59, 1.43) |
| Lack of regular exercise | 3802 | 11.08 | 2.27 (1.84,2.79) |
| Economic resources | |||
| Education less than 12 years | 2061 | 11.74 | 1.80 (1.48, 2.20) |
| Household income less than 25th percentile | 2133 | 13.51 | 2.35 (1.98, 2.79) |
| Family wealth less than 25th percentile | 2176 | 14.10 | 2.54 (2.01, 3.21) |
| Health insurance | |||
| Private/other | 5311 | 5.78 | Reference |
| Government only | 1569 | 14.36 | 2.73 (2.28, 3.28) |
| No health insurance | 810 | 12.50 | 2.33 (1.66, 3.27) |
| Employment | |||
| Working | 4096 | 5.15 | Reference |
| Retired/homemaker | 2590 | 8.09 | 1.62 (1.34, 1.96) |
| Not employed | 1004 | 20.76 | 4.83 (3.83, 6.07) |
Note. In instances in which 95% confidence intervals exclude 1, odds ratios and confidence intervals are shown in boldface. ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental ADL.