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. 2025 Apr 14;25:540. doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-12712-x

Table 1.

Participant characteristics by group allocation

All Participants
N = 770
Non-CA Control
N = 192
CA Control
N = 302
CA Intervention
N = 276
Age at enrollment, years, (N) %
 Younger than 35 (191) 24.8% (52) 27.1% (78) 25.8% (61) 22.1%
 35 to 55 (366) 47.5% (95) 49.5% (150) 49.7% (121) 43.8%
 Older than 55 (213) 27.7% (45) 23.4% (74) 24.5% (94) 34.1%
Gender, (N) %
 Male or other response (204) 26.5% (52) 27.1% (83) 27.5% (69) 25.0%
 Female (566) 73.5% (140) 72.9% (219) 72.5% (207) 75.0%
Racial/Ethnic Identity*, (N) %
 American Indian/Alaska Native (13) 1.7% (2) 1.0% (6) 2.0% (5) 1.8%
 Asian/Pacific Islander (93) 12.1% (27) 14.1% (34) 11.3% (32) 11.6%
 Black (42) 5.5% (15) 7.8% (15) 5.0% (12) 4.3%
 Hispanic Ethnicity (94) 12.2% (21) 10.9% (39) 12.9% (34) 12.3%
 White (604) 78.4% (141) 73.4% (237) 78.5% (226) 81.9%
 Other race (20) 2.6% (7) 3.6% (6) 2.0% (7) (2.5%)
Educational Attainment, (N) %
 Less than bachelor’s degree (108) 14.0% (21) 10.9% (42) 13.9% (45) 16.3%
 Bachelor's degree or higher (662) 86.0% (171) 89.1% (260) 86.1% (231) 83.7%
Health Care Professional, N (%) (240) 31.2% (63) 32.8% (96) 31.8% (81) 29.3%
Political Ideology, (N) %
 Conservative (71) 9.2% (26) 13.5% (24) 8.0) (21) 7.6%
 Moderate (117) 15.2% (30) 15.6% (44) 14.6) (43) 15.6%
 Liberal (522) 67.8% (119) 62.0% (213) 70.5% (190) 68.8%
 Not political or prefer not to answer (60) 7.8% (17) 8.9% (21) 7.0% (22) 8.0%

N.B. No significant differences were observed by Chi squared tests for any of the above variables

*Race/ethnicity was “select all that apply” and may sum to greater than 100%