. 2025 Apr 11;13:e19160. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19160

Table 1. Effects of different colchicine concentrations and exposure times on polyploidy induction of R. nusutus calli.

Colchicine concentrations (% w/v)	Exposure times (h)	Survival rate (%)	Polyploidy induction by ploidy level (%)
Colchicine concentrations (% w/v)	Exposure times (h)	Survival rate (%)	Diploid	Tetraploid	Mixoploid
0	24	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b
0	48	100.00 ± 0.00^a	100.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b
0.05	24	75.00 ± 13.06^ab	100.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b
0.05	48	75.00 ± 13.06^ab	33.33 ± 19.25^b	66.67 ± 33.33^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b
0.1	24	75.00 ± 13.06^ab	66.67 ± 33.33^ab	33.33 ± 19.25^ab	0.00 ± 0.00^b
0.1	48	58.33 ± 14.86^b	66.67 ± 33.33^ab	33.33 ± 19.25^ab	0.00 ± 0.00^b
0.2	24	41.67 ± 14.86^b	33.33 ± 19.25^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	66.67 ± 33.33^a
0.2	48	41.67 ±14.86^b	100.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b

Note:

Mean ± SE values followed by different superscripts in the same column are significantly different according to ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (p < 0.05).