Table 1. Subgroup analysis.
| 2017–2019 (pre-COVID-19) | 2020–2023 (during the pandemic) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup | No. of studies | Pooled prevalence (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, I 2 (%) | Cochran’s Q | p-value | No. of studies | Pooled prevalence (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, I 2 (%) | Cochran’s Q | p-value |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 31 | 21.0 (17.8–24.3) | 99.2 | 639.8 | <0.001 | 22 | 20.7 (14.8–26.7) | 99.6 | 179.8 | <0.001 |
| Female | 32 | 26.6 (22.2–30.9) | 99.5 | 22 | 25.9 (18.2–33.7) | 99.7 | ||||
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 60–69 | 19 | 24.3 (18.4–30.2) | 99.5 | 180.8 | <0.001 | 7 | 25.6 (6.7–44.4) | 99.8 | 5.6 | 0.059 |
| 70–79 | 16 | 27.4 (20.5–34.3) | 99.2 | 6 | 32.0 (7.3–56.8) | 99.7 | ||||
| ≥80 | 13 | 31.0 (21.8–40.3) | 98.8 | 8 | 33.7 (18.1–49.4) | 97.9 | ||||
| Living area | ||||||||||
| Rural | 11 | 26.5 (15.5–37.4) | 99.9 | 1500 | <0.001 | 8 | 26.4 (15.6–37.2) | 99.4 | 66.8 | <0.001 |
| Urban | 10 | 19.5 (14.6–24.4) | 99.4 | 6 | 20.0 (11.7–28.4) | 98.8 | ||||
| Education level | ||||||||||
| Primary and below | 22 | 24.0 (19.3–28.7) | 99.5 | 794.8 | <0.001 | 14 | 31.0 (22.5–39.5) | 99.5 | 122.2 | <0.001 |
| Junior high school | 14 | 18.9 (14.2–23.6) | 98.6 | 9 | 23.5 (13.0–34.1) | 98.9 | ||||
| Senior high school and above | 17 | 18.1 (14.6–21.5) | 97.7 | 9 | 17.9 (8.5–27.3) | 98.6 | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Single/Divorce/Widowed | 21 | 29.8 (23.7–35.8) | 99.3 | 181.7 | <0.001 | 16 | 32.5 (23.0–42.0) | 99.0 | 489.7 | <0.001 |
| Married | 21 | 23.6 (19.0–28.2) | 99.6 | 16 | 22.0 (14.7–29.3) | 99.6 | ||||
| Residential status | ||||||||||
| Live alone | 17 | 29.7 (23.0–36.4) | 98.5 | 319.8 | <0.001 | 8 | 36.0 (20.0–52.1) | 96.9 | 117.2 | <0.001 |
| Not live alone | 17 | 23.0 (18.9–27.0) | 99.6 | 8 | 17.7 (10.7–24.6) | 98.8 | ||||