Table 2. Studies on risk factor biomarkers for breast cancer.
| Author, reference | Year | Country | Cancer cases (N) | Control cases (N) | Analytical method | Sample type | Biomarkers | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lecuyer, et al. [52] | 2018 | France | 206 | 396 |
1H NMR spectroscopy Nested case–control study |
Plasma | Valine, lysine, arginine, glutamine, creatine, creatinine, glucose, lipoproteins, lipids, glycoproteins, acetone, glycerol-derived compounds, unsaturated lipids | Higher plasma levels of valine, lysine, and arginine, and lower levels of lipids and glycoproteins were associated with increased BC risk |
| Lecuyer, et al. [53] | 2019 | France | 211 | 211 |
LC-MS Nested case–control study |
Plasma | O-succinyl-homoserine, valine/norvaline, glutamine/isoglutamine, 5-aminovaleric acid, phenylalanine, tryptophan, γ-glutamyl-threonine, pregnene-triol sulfate, ATBC | Lower plasma levels of O-succinylhomoserine and higher plasma levels of valine/norvaline, glutamine/isoglutamine, 5-aminovaleric acid, phenylalanine, tryptophan, γ-glutamyl-threonine, ATBC, and pregnene-triol sulfate were associated with an increased risk of BC |
| His, et al. [54] | 2019 | 10 European countries | 1, 624 | 1, 624 |
MS using Absolute IDQ p180 platform Nested case–control study |
Plasma | Arginine, asparagine, phosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitine C2 | Levels of arginine, asparagine, phosphatidylcholines (ae C36:3, aa C36:3, ae C34:2 ae C36:2, ae C38:2) were inversely associated with breast cancer risk, whereas the acylcarnitine C2 level was positively associated with BC risk |
| Yoo, et al. [57] | 2018 | South Korea | 84 | 88 |
UPLC-MS Prospective cohort study |
Serum | Leucine, arachidonic acid, prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), γ-linolenic acid (GLA) | Leucine, AA, PGJ2, PGE2, and GLA were identified as independent variables affecting BC incidence |
| Brantley, et al. [58] | 2022 | USA | 1, 531 | 1, 531 |
LC/MS-MS Nested case–control study |
Plasma | Triacylglycerols | TAGs with three double bonds or more were inversely associated with BC at the proximate time point |
| Houghton, et al. [60] | 2019 | USA | 610 | 1, 207 |
HPLC with fluorescence detection Nested case–control |
Plasma | B12, folate | Plasma vitamin B-12 level was positively associated with increased risk of BC, and plasma folate level was positively associated with risk of invasive BC |
| Playdon, et al. [61] | 2017 | USA | 621 | 621 |
LC/MS-MS and GC-MS Nested case–control |
Serum |
Caprate (10:0), γ-carboxyethyl hydrochroman, vitamin E (γ-tocopherol) derivative, 4-androsten-3β, 17β-diol-monosulfate, androgen Seven androgens, α-hydroxyisovalerate, 2-hydroxyoctanoate |
Associations with dietary fats, alcohol, and tocopherol derivatives; caprate and androgen metabolite levels linked with ER(+) cancer risk |
| Kim, et al. [62] | 2013 | USA | 307 | 300 |
LC/MS-MS Nested case–control |
Urine | PGE2 metabolite (PGE-M) | Positive association between urinary PGE-M and BC risk in women not using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
| Cui, et al. [63] | 2014 | China | 504 | 1, 082 |
LC/MS-MS Nested case–control |
Urine | PGE2 metabolite (PGE-M) | Increased urinary PGE-M associated with breast cancer risk in normal-weight postmenopausal women |
Abbreviations: LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; ATBC, acetyl tributyl citrate; ER, estrogen receptor; BC, breast cancer; IDQ, integrated data quantification; UPLC-MS, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; PGJ2; prostaglandin J2; GLA, γ-linolenic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; LC/MS-MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; TAG, triacylglycerol; GC-MS; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; PGE-M: prostaglandin E metabolite.