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. 2025 Apr 1;13:1559555. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1559555

TABLE 1.

Kinematic-dynamic parameters (energy E jk , contraction velocity V jki corresponding to maximum unilateral chewing force, maximum muscle force F jkmax.i and peak power PP jki of the dynamic patterns of elevator muscles of mandible forces (muscle force vs muscle contraction) about food and mandibular side, i.e. working side (W) and non-working side (N), respectively, for the masseter (masseter muscle (M), medial pterygoid muscle (P), temporalis muscle (T)) depending on food (i) and sides of the mandible i.e. working side (W) and non-working side (N) (j = M, P, T; k = W, N) - The maximum values of muscle forces (F jkmax.i ) were determined based on the results presented in Stróżyk and Balchanowski (2023).

Side Kinematic and dynamic parameters Sausage (s) Carrot (c) Apple (a) Chocolate bar (b) Chocolate (d)
Masetter (M)
Working E MWi [J] 0.62 0.49 0.33 0.56 0.18
PP MWi [W] 1.90 2.80 0.40 0.95 0.73
F MWmax.i [N] 126.9 274.3 112.2 233.2 149.4
V MWi [m/s] 0.0162 0.0139 0.0049 0.0091 0.0053
Non-working E MNi [J] 0.45 0.36 0.24 0.41 0.13
PP MNi [W] 0.85 1.82 0.28 0.78 0.64
F MNmax.i [N] 108.8 235.5 96.2 200.3 127.8
V MNi [m/s] 0.0116 0.0118 0.0049 0.0088 0.005
Medial pterygoid (P)
Working E PWi [J] 0.35 0.24 0.17 0.27 0.08
PP PWi [W] 0.81 1.55 0.19 0.49 0.28
F PWmax.i [N] 113.5 244.7 100.6 209.3 134.5
V PWi [m/s] 0.0074 0.0101 0.0026 0.0053 0.0023
Non-working E PNi [J] 0.26 0.18 0.13 0.20 0.15
PP PNi [W] 0.35 1.42 0.11 0.35 0.25
F PNmax.i [N] 97.3 209.8 86.2 179.2 115.4
V PNi [m/s] 0.0052 0.0084 0.0022 0.0045 0.0022
Temporalis (T)
Working E TWi [J] 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.12 0.04
PP TWi [W] 0.41 0.40 0.09 0.20 0.15
F TWmax.i [N] 24.4 53.4 22.7 46.1 29.3
V TWi [m/s] 0.0176 0.01 0.0053 0.0099 0.0056
Non-working E TNi [J] 0.18 0.14 0.09 0.15 0.05
PP TNi [W] 0.39 0.44 0.08 0.32 0.14
F TNmax.i [N] 20.9 45.9 19.4 39.4 25.0
V TNi [m/s] 0.0254 0.0141 0.0074 0.0181 0.0057