Table 2.
Scores for before and after the virtual reality session for the initial assessment and training sessions (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire [SSQ] scores averaged over all sessions).a
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Assessment session—original version | 2-sided paired t test P value | Training sessions—improved version | 2-sided paired t test P value | |||||
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Postsession SSQ score, mean (SD) | Presession SSQ score, mean (SD) |
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Postsession SSQ score, mean (SD) | Presession SSQ score, mean (SD) |
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| Total score | 4.533 (9.672) | 5.733 (13.014) | .14 | 1.550 (1.909) | 2.125 (2.604) | .27 | |||
| General discomfort | 0.200 (0.400) | 0.200 (0.561) | >.99 | 0.050 (0.112) | 0.100 (0.163) | .18 | |||
| Fatigue | 0.267 (0.573) | 0.533 (0.915) | .16 | 0.100 (0.105) | 0.375 (0.468) | .18 | |||
| Boredom | 0.133 (0.340) | 0.400 (0.828) | .30 | 0.050 (0.112) | 0.025 (0.056) | .37 | |||
| Drowsiness | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.333 (0.900) | .16 | 0.100 (0.163) | 0.175 (0.274) | .21 | |||
| Headache | 0.267 (0.680) | 0.067 (0.258) | .19 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.025 (0.056) | .37 | |||
| Eyestrain | 0.333 (0.596) | 0.333 (0.617) | >.99 | 0.200 (0.381) | 0.225 (0.437) | .37 | |||
| Difficulty focusing | 0.200 (0.542) | 0.333 (0.816) | .16 | 0.050 (0.112) | 0.050 (0.068) | >.99 | |||
| Salivation increase | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.133 (0.516) | .33 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.025 (0.056) | .37 | |||
| Salivation decrease | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.067 (0.258) | >.99 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.025 (0.056) | .37 | |||
| Sweating | 0.333 (0.471) | 0.200 (0.561) | .43 | 0.225 (0.335) | 0.125 (0.280) | .59 | |||
| Nausea | 0.133 (0.340) | 0.067 (0.258) | .33 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Difficulty concentrating | 0.267 (0.573) | 0.333 (0.816) | .33 | 0.025 (0.056) | 0.050 (0.112) | .70 | |||
| Mental depression | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.200 (0.561) | .16 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| “Fullness of the head” | 0.267 (0.680) | 0.267 (0.594) | >.99 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.025 (0.056) | .37 | |||
| Blurred vision | 0.200 (0.542) | 0.333 (0.724) | .16 | 0.225 (0.503) | 0.250 (0.492) | .37 | |||
| Dizziness—eyes open | 0.200 (0.542) | 0.133 (0.516) | .33 | 0.075 (0.168) | 0.050 (0.112) | .37 | |||
| Dizziness—eyes closed | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.200 (0.561) | .16 | 0.200 (0.447) | 0.225 (0.503) | .37 | |||
| Vertigo | 0.133 (0.499) | 0.133 (0.516) | >.99 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Visual flashbacks | 0.133 (0.499) | 0.267 (0.799) | .16 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Faintness | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.133 (0.516) | .33 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Awareness of breathing | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.333 (0.816) | .10 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Stomach awareness | 0.133 (0.499) | 0.067 (0.258) | .33 | 0.100 (0.224) | 0.200 (0.447) | .37 | |||
| Loss of appetite | 0.133 (0.340) | 0.200 (0.561) | .33 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Increased appetite | 0.467 (0.718) | 0.067 (0.258) | .05 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.050 (0.112) | .37 | |||
| Desire to move bowels | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.200 (0.561) | .33 | 0.100 (0.224) | 0.100 (0.224) | >.99 | |||
| Confusion | 0.133 (0.499) | 0.200 (0.775) | .33 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Burping | 0.067 (0.249) | 0.000 (0.000) | .33 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Vomiting | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | |||
| Other | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | >.99 | 0.050 (0.112) | 0.025 (0.056) | .37 | |||
aTotal SSQ scores were computed based on the study by Bouchard et al [59]. Comparing post- versus presession scores, it was observed that there were no significant increases in SSQ scores in the initial session (15 participants) and the training sessions (4 participants).