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. 2025 Apr 14;25:529. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-06769-9

Table 5.

Faculty’s attitudes (before– after Faculty Development Program) and performance

Function Attitude performance
Before After Paired t-test Effect Size
Mean SD Mean SD t p-value d %
Restorative 3.89 0.58 3.97 0.72 0.54 0.59 0.121 87.77
Normative 4.09 0.49 4.25 0.48 1.55 0.14 0.347 87.11
formative 4.14 0.60 4.46 0.45 3.16 0.005 0.708 93.85
Total 4.07 0.52 4.28 0.43 2.42 0.03 0.541 90.63