Fig. 4.

Ultrasound-induced piezoelectric stimulation facilitated HUVEC migration and angiogenesis by alleviating the suppressive effects of the inflammatory microenvironment mediated by M1 macrophages. A) Illustrations depicting the influence of ultrasound-induced piezoelectric stimulation on HUVEC migration and angiogenesis within the M1 conditioned medium (CM) environment. SF1 represents 100 ng/mL LPS and 20 ng/mL IFN-γ. US represents ultrasound. B-E) Typical images and semi-quantitative assessments from the scratch and transwell assays (n = 3). F-G) Representative VEGF immunofluorescence images and the relative semi-quantitative analysis (n = 3). H-L) Representative images from tube formation assays and semi-quantitative analysis of junctions, total length, and meshes (n = 3). M − N) RT-qPCR analysis of angiogenesis-related genes (VEGF and α-SMA) (n = 3). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.