Table 3.

Metal related drugs and treatment of diabetes.

Classification	Drugs	Function
Antioxidants	Vitamin E, Lipoic acid, or Acetylcysteine	Clear reactive oxygen species and reduce the impact of oxidative stress caused by metal ions
Metal chelates	Ethylenediaminetetraacetate, Trientine	Chelate with metal and reduce metal-induced toxicity
Classical hypoglycemic agents	ACEIs, ARB	Inhibit metal-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid in vitro and reduce AGE formation
	Metformin	Trap α-dicarbonyl groups and lead to reduced gluconeogenesis
Proprietary Chinese Medicines	e.g., rutin, polyphenols, quercetin, resveratrol	Inhibit AGE formation, Limit the uptake of metal ions or Promote their excretion through chelating activity
Metallothionein		Anti-inflammatory effects, Anti-apoptotic, Anti-OS, or Reduce the acute toxic impacts of heavy metals