Table 4.
Adjusted odds of lifetime exposure to interpersonal firearm threats and shots/shootings by participant demographic and structural and social characteristics.
| Saw someone shoot a firearm in public place | Exposure to interpersonal firearm threats | Heard (but did not see) firearm shots in public place | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Gender and sexual identity | ||||||
| Female (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Male | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 0.32 | 1.11 (0.92, 1.35) | 0.28 | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) | 0.54 |
| Gender minority | 1.63 (0.86, 3.10) | 0.13 | 1.54 (1.00, 2.39) | 0.05 | 1.72 (1.09, 2.74) | 0.02 |
| Sexual minority | 0.96 (0.73, 1.27) | 0.77 | 1.29 (1.02, 1.61) | 0.03 | 1.14 (0.91, 1.41) | 0.25 |
| Age | ||||||
| 10–17 (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 18–24 | 1.79 (1.21, 2.64) | 0.004 | 1.80 (1.34, 2.43) | <0.001 | 2.84 (2.22, 3.65) | <0.001 |
| 25–34 | 1.44 (1.04, 2.00) | 0.03 | 1.66 (1.30, 2.12) | <0.001 | 2.03 (1.67, 2.48) | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| White (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Black or African American | 2.75 (2.04, 3.70) | <0.001 | 2.48 (1.94, 3.17) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.53, 2.40) | <0.001 |
| Asian | 1.27 (0.77, 2.09) | 0.35 | 1.15 (0.83, 1.58) | 0.39 | 0.81 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.12 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2.88 (1.13, 7.32) | 0.03 | 2.60 (1.10, 6.13) | 0.03 | 1.83 (0.85, 3.94) | 0.12 |
| Native Hawaiian | 0.23 (0.03, 1.84) | 0.17 | 0.74 (0.16, 3.34) | 0.69 | 1.26 | 0.69 |
| Other race | 1.00 (0.58, 1.70) | 0.99 | 1.17 (0.74, 1.85) | 0.51 | 1.25 (0.84, 1.85) | 0.27 |
| Two or more races | 1.30 (0.86, 1.96) | 0.21 | 1.78 (1.30, 2.44) | <0.001 | 1.26 (0.93, 1.71) | 0.13 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 1.33 (0.97, 1.81) | 0.07 | 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) | 0.33 | 0.99 (0.79, 1.24) | 0.90 |
| Structural and Social | ||||||
| Type of community | ||||||
| Urban (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Suburban | 0.70 (0.54, 0.91) | 0.006 | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) | 0.26 | 0.77 (0.65, 0.91) | 0.003 |
| Rural | 0.85 (0.59, 1.23) | 0.39 | 0.92 (0.68, 1.23) | 0.57 | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83) | 0.001 |
| Household Income | ||||||
| Less than $30,000 (ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| $30,000 to <$60,000 | 1.35 (1.00, 1.81) | 0.05 | 1.37 (1.06, 1.76) | 0.01 | 1.37 (1.09, 1.73) | 0.008 |
| $60,000 to under $100,000 | 1.04 (0.74, 1.45) | 0.83 | 1.27 (0.96, 1.68) | 0.09 | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 0.59 |
| $100,000 or more | 1.15 (0.79, 1.67) | 0.46 | 1.27 (0.95, 1.71) | 0.11 | 1.12 (0.87, 1.44) | 0.37 |
| High neighborhood disorder | 1.73 (1.32, 2.27) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.20, 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.21, 1.81) | <0.001 |
| Poor home conditions | 1.34 (1.01, 1.78) | 0.04 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.45) | 0.18 | 1.24 (1.01, 1.53) | 0.04 |
| Not having enough money to pay bills | 0.87 (0.64, 1.18) | 0.36 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) | 0.86 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.11) | 0.25 |
| Skip meals or eat less because did not have enough money for food | 1.40 (1.03, 1.91) | 0.03 | 1.21 (0.94, 1.55) | 0.13 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.04) | 0.10 |
| Last saw dentist more than 2 years ago (or never) | 1.21 (0.93, 1.57) | 0.16 | 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) | 0.57 | 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) | 0.11 |
| Non-victimization adversity | 1.23 (1.17, 1.29) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.27, 1.38) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.25, 1.35) | <0.001 |
N = 271 participants dropped from the multivariate analysis due to missing data on sex at birth, gender, income and/or race. ***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05. Ref, reference group.