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. 2025 Mar 31;45(16):e1683242025. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1683-24.2025

Table 4.

Cognitive performance differences among the three performance groups

College athletes set (n = 35) Professional athletes set (n = 30) Ensemble (n = 65)
HIGH NOR LOW F p HIGH NOR LOW F p HIGH NOR LOW F p
n = 6 n = 19 n = 10 n = 4 n = 20 n = 6 n = 10 n = 39 n = 16
GNG
 BL_Accuracy 0.95 ± 0.01 0.97 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.02 0.52 0.600 0.97 ± 0.02 0.96 ± 0.01 0.99 ± 0.01 2.04 0.200 0.95 ± 0.01 0.96 ± 0.01 0.96 ± 0.02 0.21 0.814
 SD_Accuracy 0.97 ± 0.02 0.96 ± 0.01 0.94 ± 0.02 1.14 0.334 0.99 ± 0.02 0.97 ± 0.02 0.97 ± 0.01 0.86 0.464 0.97 ± 0.01 0.97 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.01 1.12 0.332
 ΔAccuracy 0.02 ± 0.01 0.001 ± 0.01 −0.004 ± 0.02 0.59 0.562 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 −0.02 ± 0.01 2.15 0.188 0.02 ± 0.01 0.004 ± 0.01 −0.01 ± 0.02 0.97 0.389
 BL_RT 448.57 ± 29.22 437.76 ± 17.90 440.60 ± 27.39 0.04 0.959 453.77 ± 30.99 489.98 ± 24.54 394.77 ± 17.36 1.66 0.257 449.87 ± 29.19 448.64 ± 15.49 430.02 ± 21.80 0.27 0.762
 SD_RT 454.61 ± 28.58 430.97 ± 15.30 433.77 ± 11.52 0.34 0.715 438.52 ± 74.6 456.82 ± 31.21 427.93 ± 8.63 0.19 0.834 450.59 ± 25.37 436.38 ± 13.61 426.88 ± 18.01 0.31 0.735
 ΔRT 0.01 ± 0.01 −0.01 ± 0.01 −0.02 ± 0.04 0.40 0.674 −0.02 ± 0.06 −0.07 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.03 3.09 0.109 0.01 ± 0.02 −0.02 ± 0.01 −0.01 ± 0.01 0.64 0.535
IGT
 BL_Amount 137.50 ± 9.38 117.37 ± 13.89 122.00 ± 14.24 0.34 0.714 −55.00 ± 85.02 8.21 ± 34.34 8.33 ± 70.98 0.31 0.737 60.5 ± 44.51 71.06 ± 18.89 79.38 ± 30.13 0.08 0.923
 SD_Amount 163.33 ± 21.86 122.89 ± 15.38 132.50 ± 19.74 0.92 0.419 191.25 ± 24.36 11.67 ± 45.44 58.33 ± 51.34 2.16 0.139 174.50 ± 16.10 62.56 ± 21.94 104.69 ± 23.70 2.90 0.063
 ΔAmount 0.24 ± 0.21 1.22 ± 1.30 0.53 ± 0.59 0.15 0.858 −2.55 ± 1.24 −1.41 ± 1.09 −4.06 ± 4.69 0.36 0.699 −0.88 ± 0.65 −0.08 ± 0.78 −1.19 ± 1.79 0.33 0.722
 BL_AB 0.50 ± 0.05 0.55 ± 0.03 0.53 ± 0.05 0.29 0.750 0.38 ± 0.09 0.46 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.09 0.35 0.708 0.45 ± 0.05 0.51 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.05 0.65 0.528
 SD_AB 0.50 ± 0.16 0.56 ± 0.04 0.49 ± 0.07 0.69 0.509 0.15 ± 0.10 0.45 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.11 3.31 0.057 0.34 ± 0.08 0.51 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.06 2.57 0.086
 ΔAB −0.01 ± 0.08 0.05 ± 0.08 −0.04 ± 0.15 0.23 0.795 −0.70 ± 0.17 −0.32 ± 0.06 −0.01 ± 0.17 9.34 0.001 −0.32 ± 0.15 0.02 ± 0.05 −0.03 ± 0.11 3.02 0.058
CRTT
 BL_Noise Intensity 3.00 ± 0.33 3.13 ± 0.11 3.37 ± 0.17 0.96 0.396 2.64 ± 0.77 2.65 ± 0.25 3.05 ± 0.17 0.73 0.492 2.55 ± 0.43 2.85 ± 0.14 3.23 ± 0.12 1.85 0.167
 SD_Noise Intensity 2.68 ± 0.30 3.24 ± 0.09 3.60 ± 0.16 6.03 0.006 2.84 ± 0.52 2.78 ± 0.17 3.20 ± 0.25 0.75 0.483 2.74 ± 0.25 3.01 ± 0.10 3.42 ± 0.15 3.63 0.033
 ΔNoise Intensity −0.07 ± 0.13 0.05 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.01 1.07 0.358 0.44 ± 0.72 0.21 ± 0.09 0.07 ± 0.11 0.56 0.581 0.11 ± 0.23 0.13 ± 0.05 0.07 ± 0.05 0.13 0.882
 BL_RT 238.28 ± 14.12 252.73 ± 9.02 231.14 ± 13.85 0.99 0.385 243.51 ± 4.49 272.37 ± 13.95 261.13 ± 22.33 0.28 0.758 239.77 ± 9.84 262.77 ± 9.84 242.67 ± 12.27 1.27 0.290
 SD_RT 231.14 ± 16.22 254.83 ± 8.80 232.28 ± 17.22 1.23 0.308 249.09 ± 43.71 254.74 ± 11.24 256.81 ± 19.33 0.02 0.982 236.27 ± 15.07 254.78 ± 7.04 241.72 ± 12.89 0.80 0.453
 ΔRT −0.03 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.03 0.004 ± 0.05 0.26 0.777 −0.32 ± 0.35 −0.05 ± 0.05 −0.001 ± 0.074 1.64 0.217 −0.14 ± 0.13 −0.01 ± 0.03 0.002 ± 0.04 1.51 0.231
Stroop
 BL_Accuracy 0.90 ± 0.03 0.90 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.01 2.36 0.111 0.93 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.01 0.88 ± 0.05 0.85 0.442 0.91 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.01 0.92 ± 0.02 0.45 0.641
 SD_Accuracy 0.95 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.02 2.05 0.146 0.97 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.02 1.08 0.354 0.96 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.01 0.94 ± 0.01 2.28 0.112
 ΔAccuracy 0.05 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.02 0.79 0.464 0.04 ± 0.02 0.003 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.06 0.73 0.491 0.05 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.78 0.464
 BL_Con RT 582.68 ± 30.02 531.40 ± 10.36 523.78 ± 19.76 2.41 0.106 538.98 ± 23.09 533.31 ± 11.53 549.55 ± 39.13 0.16 0.853 565.20 ± 20.55 532.38 ± 7.68 532.37 ± 17.95 1.44 0.246
 SD_Con RT 569.19 ± 27.18 514.16 ± 9.23 527.37 ± 25.14 2.04 0.146 525.02 ± 14.72 533.48 ± 15.49 529.03 ± 34.08 0.03 0.970 551.52 ± 18.09 524.07 ± 9.15 527.93 ± 19.53 0.79 0.459
 ΔCon RT −0.02 ± 0.03 −0.03 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.04 0.69 0.509 −0.02 ± 0.02 −0.001 ± 0.02 −0.04 ± 0.009 0.80 0.461 −0.02 ± 0.02 −0.01 ± 0.01 −0.005 ± 0.03 0.16 0.856
 BL_Icon RT 609.61 ± 34.92 571.84 ± 12.26 543.34 ± 22.62 1.98 0.115 546.85 ± 24.44 580.50 ± 15.15 546.19 ± 38.52 0.75 0.481 584.50 ± 24.31 576.33 ± 9.70 544.29 ± 19.00 0.84 0.436
 SD_Icon RT 554.53 ± 32.50 540.81 ± 11.58 553.64 ± 21.29 0.20 0.817 479.30 ± 22.99 560.60 ± 16.72 568.15 ± 34.03 2.29 0.122 524.44 ± 23.95 550.96 ± 10.26 558.48 ± 17.55 1.54 0.222
 ΔIcon RT −0.09 ± 0.01 −0.05 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 3.78 0.034 −0.12 ± 0.01 −0.03 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 4.34 0.024 −0.10 ± 0.01 −0.04 ± 0.02 0.03 ± 0.01 7.88 <0.001

HIGH, high-performance group; NOR, normal-performance group; LOW, low-performance group; GNG, Go/No-go task; Stroop, Stroop test; CRTT, Competitive Reaction Time Task; IGT, Iowa Gambling Task, college athletes made a total of 30 choices, while professional athletes made a total of 60 choices; accuracy, the correct response rate; Con RT, the response time under color–word congruent stimuli in Stroop; Icon RT, the response time under color–word incongruent stimuli in Stroop; noise intensity, the selection of noise intensities in CRTT; RT, the response time; AB, A or B solitaire selection probability; amount, final winning amount; Δ, the change of them after 24 h sleep deprivation from that in baseline. pFDR, p-value after false discovery rate. The significance of bold values represents p < 0.05.