Table 2.

Clinical manifestations of quinine toxicity^*

Clinical manifestations	References
Hematologic
Thrombocytopenia	27
Neutropenia	35–37
Lymphocytopenia	38
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	35, 36
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	18, 23
Disseminated intravascular coagulation	9, 28, 33
Renal manifestations
Anuric acute renal failure	18, 23
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea	18
Hepatic manifestations
Acute liver failure simulating hepatitis	38, 39
Neurological manifestations
Headache	18
Confusion	18
Coma	18
Blindness	40
Psychosis	41
Hypoglycemia	42
Systemic manifestations
Fever, chills simulating sepsis	24, 43

*These manifestations may occur alone but often occur together. For example, thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, coma, fever, and acute renal failure fulfill all diagnostic criteria for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS). Patients with manifestations of TTP-HUS may also have leukopenia, liver failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, abnormalities not associated with the typical TTP-HUS syndrome. Selected references are provided.