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. 2025 Mar 7;5(4):100758. doi: 10.1016/j.xops.2025.100758

Table 6.

Chi-Square Analyses with and without the Mobile Application across Non-English Speaking, English-Speaking, and Combined Groups

Response Level Ease of Identifying the Medication with Your Naked Eye (%) Ease of Identifying the Medication with the Application (%) Chi-Square (DOF) P Value
Non-English Speaking
 1 (very easy) 0 30 114.04 (4) <0.001
 2 5 40
 3 25 25
 4 20 0
 5 (very hard) 50 5
English Speaking
 1 (very easy) 9.5 81 141.16 (4) <0.001
 2 0 9.5
 3 4.8 4.8
 4 19 4.8
 5 (very hard) 66.7 0
Combined
 1 (very easy) 4.9 56.1 126.06 (4) <0.001
 2 2.4 24.4
 3 14.6 14.6
 4 19.5 2.4
 5 (very hard) 58.5 2.4

DOF = degree of freedom.

This table presents chi-square analyses comparing the ease of identifying medication with and without the mobile application across non-English speaking (A), English-speaking (B), and combined groups (C).