Table 3.
Mechanisms of herbal extracts in alleviating diabetic neuropathic pain.
| Drug | Year | Dose and Administration | Cell | Target/Pathway | Mechanism/Pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jingmaitong | 2024 | 11.6 g/kg, 23.2 g/kg和46.4 g/kg, p.o. | Microglia | JAK2/STAT3 | suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and iNOS), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, Arg-1, and TGF-β), and chemokines (CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL12) | (183) |
| Quercetin | 2020 | 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, p.o. | Dorsal horn neurons | TOR/p70S6K | Reduction of synaptic plasticity | (184) |
| Curcumin | 2021 | 10 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, p.o. | Astrocytes\neurons | / | Inhibition of JNK activation | (46) |
| Dihydromyricetin | 2019 | 30mg/kg, i.p. | Astrocytes | P2X7 | Inhibition of P2X7 receptor expression, suppression of inflammatory factor release | (185) |
| Insulin+resveratrol/Insulin+curcumin | 2007 | 20 mg/kg/60 mg/kg, p.o. | / | / | Inhibition of TNF-α and nitric oxide NO | (186) |
| Resveratrol | 2024 | 25 mg/kg, i.p. | Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) | TRPV4 | decrease in [Ca2+]I, downregulation of TRPV4 current densities, ROS, apoptosis, etc. | (124) |
| Selenium and Curcumin | 2023 | Se: 1.5 mg/kg + Curcumin: 25 mg/kg, i.p. | Dorsal root ganglion | TRPM7 | decrease in [Ca2+]I, upregulation of TRPM7 current density, increased mitochondrial calcium and zinc ion concentrations mediating mitochondrial ROS (mitROS) | (123) |
| Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Curcumin | 2018 | 16 mg/kg, i.v. | Satellite glial cells | P2Y12 | reduction of IL-1β, Cx43, p-Akt levels | (187) |
| Curcumin | 2015 | 100 mg/kg, i.p. | Dorsal root ganglion | TTX-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channel | Inhibition of TTX-R INa increase in DRG neurons | (115) |
| Fisetin | 2015 | 10 mg/kg, p.o. | Dorsal root ganglion | GABA | Alleviates oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and catalase activity) | (188) |
| Cannabidiol | 2019 | 3 mg/kg, i.p. | / | 5-HT1A | elevates serotonin levels | (189) |
| Camphor | 2023 | 50 mg/kg, i.p. | Dorsal root ganglion | TRPA1 | reduced the action potential (AP) firing frequency | (190) |
| Secoisolariciresinol diglycoside | 2015 | 10 mg/kg, p.o. | / | / | Reduces lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, and GSH content | (191) |
| Emblica officinalis | 2011 | 250 mg/kg、500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, p.o. | / | / | Oxidative stress, nitrite levels, and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β1) | (192) |
| Naringin | 2012 | 20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, p.o. | / | / | Neural cell apoptosis, enhanced lipid peroxide, nitrite, and TNF-α level | (193) |
| Coriandrum sativum | 2020 | 100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, p.o. | Schwann cells | / | Increases antioxidant enzyme levels such as SOD, GSH, inhibits lipid peroxidation | (194) |
| Kaempferol | 2017 | 5 mg/kg、10mg/kg | / | / | Reduces oxidative and nitrosative stress, also reduces AGEs | (195) |
| Olea europaea L | 2011 | 100-600 mg/kg, i.p. | / | / | Inhibits caspase 3 activation, reduces Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | (196) |
| Thymus caramanicus Jalas | 2014 | 50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、150 mg/kg和200 mg/kg, p.o. | / | / | Inhibits caspase 3 activation, reduces cytochrome c release and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | (197) |
| Curcumin | 2014 | 200 mg/kg, p.o. | / | / | Reduces NADPH oxidase subunits p47(phox) and gp91(phox) expression levels, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P<0.05) | (198) |
| Nerunjil | 2013 | 100 mg/kg、300 mg/kg | / | / | Reduces oxidative stress levels | (199) |
| Mangiferin | 2024 | 15 mg/kg、30 mg/kg, p.o. | / | / | Reducing TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibits oxidative stress | (200) |
i.p., intraperitoneal injection; i.v., intravenous injection; p.o., per os.