Table 2.

Summary of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) mechanisms in autoimmune diseases (AIDs).

Target	SLE	RA	T1DM	MS	ITP
T cells	TGF-β1→Treg ↑/Th17↓ [27]	Treg↑/Th17↓ [54]	PD-1/PD-L1→Treg↑/Th1↓ [80]	Treg↑/Th17↓ [104]	T-bet↓/GATA-3↑ [113]
B cells	PD-L1/CCL2 [32, 33]	COX-2→Breg↓ [56]	CXCR4/CXCR5/CCR7↓ [82]	Breg↑ [104]	—
Macrophages	tSNA-21109→M2 [44]	IL-10↑/LPS↓ [60]	M1→M2 [87]	—	—
miRNA	miR-320b→MAP3K1 [15]	miR-150-5p→MMP14 [68]	miR-146a-5p→TRAF6 [93]	miR-23a–3p→PI3k/Akt [107]	miR-199a-5p→STAT3 [118]